Germany can boast of being among the most eco-friendly industrialised nations, thus drawing attention in the field of modern environmental history. A remarkable development in post-war (West) Germany is the spread of nature parks and national parks as instruments for large-scale nature conservation. However, its most beloved wooded mountain range, the Black Forest in the state of Baden-Württemberg, had been an ‘empty area’ for decades: it was not until 1999/2000 that the local municipalities formed nature parks in this region, and the state government established the Black Forest National Park only in 2014. This paper traces discussions among government officials and interest groups from the 1950s to the 2010s to scrutinise factors in discouraging park creation in this region. While recognising that forestry interests and municipality heads were influential opponents of the state government’s park plans, this paper also focuses attenForthcoming in Environment and History ©2020 The White Horse Press www.whpress.co.uk tion on other contexts and social groups. Nature parks were primarily intended for the promotion of recreational land use during the post-war economic boom years. However, this aspect had no timely relevance in the federal state and especially in the Black Forest, where serene woodlands had already begun to attract massive numbers of holidaymakers. In fact, the envisaged creation of new nature-based attractions provoked dissent among conservation officials and other social groups, who expressed concern that tourist-oriented parks would disturb the natural environment. National park projects of the early 1990s and the early 2010s were also not unchallenged. A circle of hikers asserted that local secondary forests were not an ideal location for a national park. Opposing residents also argued against the ecological principle of ‘let nature be nature’ in terms of maintaining the carbon sink properties and other environmental functions of forests. The ‘slow development’ of park-making in the Black Forest thus can provide various interpretations and also seems to be a sharp reminder of the importance of paying attention to the historical context of national park formation. Although conservationists in Germany spoke of US national parks from the late nineteenth century onwards, the diversity of alternative views continued to influence the German conservation debate. Amid the growing popularity of tourism among motives for large-scale protection, this diversity gradually lost ground, eventually leading to the establishment of parks in this ‘empty area’ in the south-west corner of the nation.

中文翻译：

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公园建设的缓慢发展：战后德国黑森林的历史

德国可以夸耀是最环保的工业化国家之一，从而引起现代环境史领域的关注。战后（西）德国的一个显着发展是自然公园和国家公园的扩展，作为大规模自然保护的工具。然而，其最受欢迎的树木繁茂的山脉，巴登-符腾堡州的黑森林，几十年来一直是一片“空旷地带”：直到 1999/2000 年，当地市政当局才在该地区建立了自然公园，州政府仅在 2014 年才建立了黑森林国家公园。本文追溯了 1950 年代至 2010 年代政府官员和利益集团之间的讨论，以审查阻碍该地区创建公园的因素。在认识到林业利益和市政负责人是州政府公园计划的有影响力的反对者的同时，本文还关注环境和历史中的即将到来 ©2020 The White Horse Press www.whpress.co.uk tion 在其他背景和社会群体中。自然公园的主要目的是在战后经济繁荣时期促进休闲用地的利用。然而，这方面在联邦州并没有及时相关性，尤其是在黑森林，那里宁静的林地已经开始吸引大量的度假者。事实上，设想创建新的以自然为基础的景点引起了保护官员和其他社会团体的反对，他们表示担心以旅游为导向的公园会扰乱自然环境。1990 年代初和 2010 年代初的国家公园项目也并非没有受到挑战。一群徒步旅行者断言，当地的次生林不是国家公园的理想地点。反对的居民还反对“让自然成为自然”的生态原则，以维护森林的碳汇特性和其他环境功能。因此，黑森林公园建设的“缓慢发展”可以提供多种解释，也似乎是在提醒人们注意国家公园形成的历史背景的重要性。尽管德国的保护主义者从 19 世纪后期开始谈到美国的国家公园，但不同观点的多样性继续影响着德国的保护辩论。