The extensive attention that Timothy Snyder’s Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin has attracted since its publication in 2010 has raised our overall awareness of the structural might that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany displayed as they reshaped the territories that had separated the two states during the interwar period. In addition to earning widespread acclaim, the volume has been widely criticised by scholars who have exposed the extent to which non-German populations in Eastern Europe participated in the violent persecution of unwanted minority communities during the Second World War. Jan Gross, whose Neighbors unearthed that the Poles of Jedwabne murdered their Jewish neighbours without significant prompting from the German occupiers, has argued that Snyder deprives the inhabitants of his ‘bloodlands’ of agency by blaming wartime violence in the region almost exclusively on Hitler, Stalin and their overlapping policies of state destruction. The evident tensions between micro-historical approaches that stress the importance of local agency and macro-level analyses of larger geographical spaces have obscured how profoundly the interplay of broader structural factors and local variables shaped the course of the Second World War in different locations. Four recent micro-historical works help to partially reconcile the two seemingly oppositional approaches by providing new frameworks for thinking about the complex interactions that occurred between smaller groups of people and the broader forces that shaped their lives during the 1930s and 1940s. The four volumes show that global, national, regional and local agendas overlapped to make ordinary people reconfigure how they saw themselves and how they interpreted the world around them. The identities and perceptions that emerged from these interactions enhance our understanding of the multiple factors that determined people’s actions during the Second World War and the Holocaust.

中文翻译：

---

地方经验与第二次世界大战：20 世纪中叶欧洲大规模暴力的新视角

自 2010 年出版以来，蒂莫西·施奈德的《血腥之地：希特勒和斯大林之间的欧洲》引起了广泛关注，这提高了我们对苏联和纳粹德国在重塑分裂两国领土时所表现出的结构性力量的整体认识。两次世界大战期间。除了获得广泛赞誉外，该书还受到学者的广泛批评，他们揭露了东欧非德裔人口在二战期间参与对不受欢迎的少数族裔社区的暴力迫害的程度。Jan Gross，他的邻居发现 Jedwabne 的波兰人在没有德国占领者的重大提示下谋杀了他们的犹太邻居，他认为，斯奈德几乎完全把该地区的战时暴力归咎于希特勒、斯大林及其重叠的国家破坏政策，从而剥夺了他“血统”居民的代理权。强调地方机构重要性的微观历史方法与对更大地理空间的宏观分析之间的明显紧张关系掩盖了更广泛的结构因素和地方变量之间的相互作用如何深刻地影响了第二次世界大战在不同地点的进程。最近的四部微观历史著作通过提供新的框架来思考在 1930 年代和 1940 年代塑造他们生活的更广泛的力量与较小群体之间发生的复杂相互作用，从而部分地调和了两种看似对立的方法。这四卷书表明，全球、国家、区域和地方议程重叠，使普通人重新配置他们如何看待自己以及他们如何解释周围的世界。从这些互动中产生的身份和看法增强了我们对决定人们在第二次世界大战和大屠杀期间行动的多种因素的理解。