This article critiques the application of Karl Polanyi's port of trade model to the development of Livorno, which has often been ascribed to commercial brokerage across cultural, political, and ecological frontiers. Livorno's neutrality during times of war and its position in the corsair and privateering economies would appear to support just such an interpretation of Livorno's growth. Nevertheless, while such interstitial roles were real, by the 1640s they were subordinate to the larger currents of regional and long-distance trade. Livorno's development is better explained with reference to the rise of commodity markets as entrepots for managing far-flung distribution networks. The Tuscan port's rapid rise should be understood as an integral phenomenon of early modern capitalism, more akin to places such as London or Amsterdam than to the ports of trade studied by Polanyi.

中文翻译：

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贸易港还是商品市场？里窝那与早期现代地中海的跨文化贸易

本文批评了卡尔·波兰尼 (Karl Polanyi) 的贸易港口模式在里窝那发展中的应用，该发展经常被归因于跨越文化、政治和生态边界的商业经纪业务。利沃诺在战争时期的中立性及其在海盗和私掠经济中的地位似乎支持对利沃诺增长的这种解释。然而，虽然这种间隙作用是真实存在的，但到 1640 年代，它们从属于更大的区域和长途贸易潮流。参考商品市场作为管理远程分销网络的转口港的兴起，可以更好地解释利沃诺的发展。托斯卡纳港口的迅速崛起应该被理解为早期现代资本主义的一个整体现象，