In this review, I argue for a broader perspective on exposure to violence, one that extends beyond victimization and direct witnessing of violence to consider exposure to violent situations and violent residential environments. The first part of the review focuses on the measurement of exposure to violence. I review national estimates of prevalence and trends in victimization and direct exposure to violence and describe novel forms of data measuring violent situations and violent environments. The second part of the article reviews theory and evidence on the consequences of exposure to violence. I discuss the theoretical and methodological problem of selection into violent situations and environments and describe several studies that directly address each problem through theory, data collection, and research design. I conclude with a call for a broader conceptualization of exposure to violence, and an expanded, more creative set of methods to measure and identify the long reach of violence.

中文翻译：

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暴力的长期发展：对数据，理论和暴力暴露的普遍性及后果的证据的更广阔的视野

在这篇评论中，我主张对暴露于暴力行为有一个更广阔的视野，这种视野不仅仅限于受害和直接目睹暴力，还考虑暴露于暴力局势和暴力居住环境中。审查的第一部分侧重于衡量暴力暴露程度。我回顾了国家对受害率和趋势以及直接遭受暴力侵害的流行程度和趋势的估计，并描述了衡量暴力局势和暴力环境的新型数据。本文的第二部分回顾了有关遭受暴力后果的理论和证据。我讨论了在暴力局势和环境中进行选择的理论和方法问题，并描述了一些通过理论，数据收集和研究设计直接解决每个问题的研究。