The retrenchment of court-ordered school desegregation has been more variable and incomplete than often acknowledged, challenging common accounts that blame changes in federal policy and legal precedent. This study supplements these accounts by examining local factors that influenced whether and when desegregation orders were dismissed between 1970 and 2013. After accounting for federal policy changes and districts’ variable success in desegregating schools, several ostensibly race-neutral organizational, financial, and political incentives appear to influence the survival of desegregation orders. Racial competition dynamics related to local racial composition also seem to play a role, as desegregation orders have been most vulnerable when and where black population shares surpass a tipping point of about 40%.

中文翻译：

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全力以赴：1970 年至 2013 年法院命令取消种族隔离的逆转

法院下令取消学校种族隔离的裁员比通常承认的更加多变和不完整，挑战了归咎于联邦政策和法律先例变化的常见说法。本研究通过检查影响 1970 年至 2013 年间取消种族隔离令是否以及何时被取消的当地因素来补充这些说法。 在考虑了联邦政策变化和地区在取消种族隔离方面取得的不同成功之后，一些表面上与种族无关的组织、财务和政治激励措施似乎影响了废除种族隔离令的存续。与当地种族构成相关的种族竞争动态似乎也发挥了作用，因为在黑人人口份额超过约 40% 的临界点时，废除种族隔离令最容易受到影响。