Wheat yields are stagnating around the world and new sources of genes for resistance or tolerances to abiotic traits are required. In this context, the tetraploid wheat wild relatives are among the key candidates for wheat improvement. Despite of its potential huge value for wheat breeding, the tetraploid GGAtAt genepool is largely neglected. Understanding the population structure, native distribution range, intraspecific variation of the entire tetraploid GGAtAt genepool and its domestication history would further its use for wheat improvement. We report the first comprehensive survey of genomic and cytogenetic diversity sampling the full breadth and depth of the tetraploid GGAtAt genepool. We show that the extant GGAtAt genepool consists of three distinct lineages. We provide detailed insights into the cytogenetic composition of GGAtAt wheats, revealed group-, and population-specific markers and show that chromosomal rearrangements play an important role in intraspecific diversity of T. araraticum. We discuss the origin and domestication history of the GGAtAt lineages in the context of state-of-the-art archaeobotanical finds. We shed new light on the complex evolutionary history of the GGAtAt wheat genepool. We provide the basis for an increased use of the GGAtAt wheat genepool for wheat improvement. The findings have implications for our understanding of the origins of agriculture in southwest Asia.

中文翻译：

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被忽略的小麦GGAtAt基因库的遗传多样性，分布和驯化历史

全世界的小麦产量停滞不前，需要新的抗非生物性状或耐性基因基因来源。在这种情况下，四倍体小麦野生近缘种是小麦改良的关键候选人之一。尽管四倍体的GGAtAt基因库对小麦育种具有巨大的潜在价值，但在很大程度上被忽略了。了解种群结构，天然分布范围，整个四倍体GGAtAt基因库的种内变异及其驯化史将进一步将其用于小麦改良。我们报告了第一次全面的基因组和细胞遗传多样性调查，对四倍体GGAtAt基因池的整个宽度和深度进行了采样。我们显示，现存的GGAtAt基因池由三个不同的谱系组成。我们提供了有关GGAtAt小麦细胞遗传组成的详细见解，揭示了群体特异性标记和群体特异性标记，并表明染色体重排在阿拉斯加州棉的种内多样性中起重要作用。我们在最新的考古植物学发现的背景下讨论GGAtAt血统的起源和驯化历史。我们为GGAtAt小麦基因库的复杂进化史提供了新的思路。我们提供了更多使用GGAtAt小麦基因库改善小麦的基础。这些发现对我们对西南亚农业起源的理解具有启示意义。我们为GGAtAt小麦基因库的复杂进化史提供了新的思路。我们提供了更多使用GGAtAt小麦基因库改善小麦的基础。这些发现对我们对西南亚农业起源的理解具有启示意义。我们为GGAtAt小麦基因库的复杂进化史提供了新的思路。我们提供了更多使用GGAtAt小麦基因库改善小麦的基础。这些发现对我们对西南亚农业起源的理解具有启示意义。