The tendon is a highly aligned connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone. Each year, more than 32 million tendon injuries have been reported, in fact, tendinopathies represent at least 50% of all sports injuries, and their incidence rates have increased in recent decades due to the aging population. Current clinical grafts used in tendon treatment are subject to several restrictions and there is a significant demand for alternative engineered tissue. For this reason, innovative strategies need to be explored. Tendon replacement and regeneration are complex since scaffolds need to guarantee an adequate hierarchical structured morphology and mechanical properties to stand the load. Moreover, to guide cell proliferation and growth, scaffolds should provide a fibrous network that mimics the collagen arrangement of the extracellular matrix in the tendons. This review focuses on tendon repair and regeneration. Particular attention has been devoted to the innovative approaches in tissue engineering. Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as electrospinning, soft lithography, and three-dimensional (3D) printing, have been described. Furthermore, biological augmentation has been considered, as an emerging strategy with great therapeutic potential.

中文翻译：

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肌腱组织工程的创新策略


肌腱是高度排列的结缔组织，将力量从肌肉传递到骨骼。每年有超过 3200 万例肌腱损伤报告，事实上，肌腱病至少占所有运动损伤的 50%，而且近几十年来，由于人口老龄化，其发病率有所增加。目前用于肌腱治疗的临床移植物受到多种限制，并且对替代工程组织的需求很大。为此，需要探索创新策略。肌腱置换和再生非常复杂，因为支架需要保证足够的分层结构形态和机械性能来承受负载。此外，为了引导细胞增殖和生长，支架应提供模仿肌腱中细胞外基质的胶原蛋白排列的纤维网络。本综述的重点是肌腱修复和再生。特别关注组织工程的创新方法。静电纺丝、软光刻和三维 (3D) 打印等先进制造技术已被描述。此外，生物增强已被认为是一种具有巨大治疗潜力的新兴策略。