Immune‐mediated hypersensitivity reactions to ticks and other arthropods are well documented. Hypersensitivity to ixodid (hard bodied) ticks is especially important because they transmit infection to humans throughout the world and are responsible for most vector‐borne diseases in the United States. The causative pathogens of these diseases are transmitted in tick saliva that is secreted into the host while taking a blood meal. Tick salivary proteins inhibit blood coagulation, block the local itch response and impair host anti‐tick immune responses, which allows completion of the blood meal. Anti‐tick host immune responses are heightened upon repeated tick exposure and have the potential to abrogate tick salivary protein function, interfere with the blood meal and prevent pathogen transmission. Although there have been relatively few tick bite hypersensitivity studies in humans compared with those in domestic animals and laboratory animal models, areas of human investigation have included local hypersensitivity reactions at the site of tick attachment and generalized hypersensitivity reactions. Progress in the development of anti‐tick vaccines for humans has been slow due to the complexities of such vaccines but has recently accelerated. This approach holds great promise for future prevention of tick‐borne diseases.

中文翻译：

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蜱过敏和人类蜱传疾病

对蜱和其他节肢动物的免疫介导的超敏反应有据可查。对 ixodid（硬体）蜱的超敏反应尤为重要，因为它们可将感染传播给全世界的人类，并且是美国大多数病媒传播疾病的罪魁祸首。这些疾病的病原体通过蜱唾液传播，蜱唾液在摄入血餐时会分泌到宿主体内。蜱唾液蛋白抑制血液凝固，阻断局部瘙痒反应并损害宿主抗蜱免疫反应，从而完成血餐。反复接触蜱虫会增强抗蜱宿主免疫反应，并有可能消除蜱唾液蛋白功能，干扰血餐并防止病原体传播。尽管与家养动物和实验室动物模型相比，人类对蜱叮咬过敏的研究相对较少，但人类研究的领域包括蜱附着部位的局部过敏反应和全身过敏反应。由于此类疫苗的复杂性，人类抗蜱疫苗的开发进展缓慢，但最近有所加快。这种方法对未来预防蜱虫有很大希望 由于此类疫苗的复杂性，人类抗蜱疫苗的开发进展缓慢，但最近有所加快。这种方法对未来预防蜱虫有很大希望 由于此类疫苗的复杂性，人类抗蜱疫苗的开发进展缓慢，但最近有所加快。这种方法对未来预防蜱虫有很大希望-传播疾病。