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Robustness of Solar-Cycle Empirical Rules Across Different Series Including an Updated Active-Day Fraction (ADF) Sunspot Group Series
Solar Physics ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s11207-020-01750-9
Ilya Usoskin , Gennady Kovaltsov , Wilma Kiviaho

Empirical rules of solar-cycle evolution form important observational constraints for the solar-dynamo theory. This includes the Waldmeier rule relating the magnitude of a solar cycle to the length of its ascending phase, and the Gnevyshev–Ohl rule clustering cycles to pairs of an even-numbered cycle followed by a stronger odd-numbered cycle. These rules were established as based on the “classical” Wolf sunspot number series, which has been essentially revisited recently, with several revised sets released by the research community. Here we test the robustness of these empirical rules for different sunspot (group) series for the period 1749 – 1996, using four classical and revised international sunspot-number and group sunspot-number series. We also provide an update of the sunspot-group series based on the active-day fraction (ADF) method, using the new database of solar observations. We show that the Waldmeier rule is robust and independent of the exact sunspot (group) series: its classical and n + 1 $n+1$ (relating the length of n $n$ th cycle to the magnitude of ( n + 1 $n+1$ )th cycle) formulations are significant or highly significant for all series, while its simplified formulation (relating the magnitude of a cycle to its full length) is insignificant for all series. The Gnevyshev–Ohl rule was found robust for all analyzed series for Solar Cycles 8 – 21, but unstable across the Dalton minimum and before it.

中文翻译:

不同系列的太阳周期经验规则的稳健性,包括更新的活动日分数 (ADF) 太阳黑子群系列

太阳周期演化的经验规则构成了太阳发电机理论的重要观测约束。这包括将太阳周期的大小与其上升阶段的长度相关联的 Waldmeier 规则,以及将周期聚集为偶数周期对,然后是更强的奇数周期的 Gnevyshev-Ohl 规则。这些规则是根据“经典”沃尔夫太阳黑子数列建立的,最近基本上重新审视了这个数列,研究界发布了几组修订集。在这里,我们使用四个经典和修订的国际太阳黑子数和群太阳黑子数系列来测试这些经验规则对于 1749 年至 1996 年期间不同太阳黑子(群)系列的稳健性。我们还提供了基于活动日分数 (ADF) 方法的太阳黑子群系列的更新,使用新的太阳观测数据库。我们证明 Waldmeier 规则是稳健的并且独立于确切的太阳黑子(群)系列:它的经典和 n+1$n+1$(将第 n$n$ 个周期的长度与 (n+1$ n+1$ )th cycle) 公式对于所有系列都是显着或高度显着的,而其简化公式(将一个周期的大小与其全长相关联)对于所有系列都是不显着的。发现 Gnevyshev-Ohl 规则对于太阳周期 8 到 21 的所有分析系列都是稳健的,但在道尔顿最小值及其之前不稳定。其经典和 n + 1 $n+1$(将第 n $n$ 个周期的长度与第 ( n + 1 $n+1$ ) 个周期的大小相关)公式对所有系列都显着或高度显着,而它的简化公式(将周期的大小与其全长相关)对所有系列都无关紧要。发现 Gnevyshev-Ohl 规则对于太阳周期 8 到 21 的所有分析系列都是稳健的,但在道尔顿最小值及其之前不稳定。其经典和 n + 1 $n+1$(将第 n $n$ 个周期的长度与第 ( n + 1 $n+1$ ) 个周期的大小相关)公式对所有系列都显着或高度显着,而它的简化公式(将周期的大小与其全长相关联)对所有系列都无关紧要。发现 Gnevyshev-Ohl 规则对于太阳周期 8 到 21 的所有分析系列都是稳健的,但在道尔顿最小值及其之前不稳定。
更新日期:2021-01-01
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