Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, has become a global health emergency. The damage and threat posed by this virus to nearly every country in the world have far exceeded those of the other six previous coronaviruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) combined. A comprehensive profile of the hematological and inflammatory biomarkers of COVID-19 is covered in this review. Significant hematological changes that have been reported in infected patients include the following biomarker candidates: lymphocyte counts (LYM), neutrophil counts (NØ), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil to CD8⁺ T-cell ratio (N8R), eosinophil counts (EØ), platelet counts (PLT), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Likewise, significant changes in soluble mediators include interleukin (IL)-2r, IL-2r to lymphocyte ratio (ILR), IL-6, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-3), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Multiplex biomarker analyses based on hematological and cytokine changes in combination with biomedical levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N-terminal prohormone BNP (NT-proBNP), serum urea, C-reactive protein (CRP), and D-dimer have shown improved diagnostic accuracy for determining disease severity in patients compared with single biomarker analyses. Here, we provide a current review of blood/serum biomarker abnormalities associated with different levels of COVID-19 severity.

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COVID-19的免疫生物标记

严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）是COVID-19大流行的起因，已成为全球卫生紧急事件。该病毒对世界几乎每个国家造成的损害和威胁都远远超过了其他六种以前的冠状病毒，包括中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）和严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS-CoV）的总和。这篇综述涵盖了COVID-19的血液学和炎症生物标志物的全面概况。已报告感染患者的重大血液学改变包括以下候选生物标志物：淋巴细胞计数（LYM），嗜中性粒细胞计数（NØ），嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞之比（NLR），嗜中性粒细胞与CD8 ⁺T细胞比率（N8R），嗜酸性粒细胞计数（EØ），血小板计数（PLT）和血小板与淋巴细胞比率（PLR）。同样，可溶性介质的显着变化包括白介素（IL）-2r，IL-2r与淋巴细胞之比（ILR），IL-6，干扰素-γ诱导的蛋白10（IP-10），单核细胞趋化蛋白（MCP-3）和巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M-CSF）。基于血液学和细胞因子变化并结合生物医学水平的丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT），天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST），乳酸脱氢酶（LDH），N端前激素BNP（NT-proBNP），血清尿素，C反应性的多重生物标志物分析与单一生物标志物分析相比，蛋白质（CRP）和D-二聚体显示出更高的诊断准确性，可用于确定患者的疾病严重程度。这里，