In modern humans, facial soft tissue thicknesses have been shown to covary with craniometric dimensions. However, to date it has not been confirmed whether these relationships are shared with non-human apes. In this study, we analyze these relationships in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) with the aim of producing regression models for approximating facial soft tissue thicknesses in Plio-Pleistocene hominid individuals. Using CT scans of 19 subjects, 637 soft tissue, and 349 craniometric measurements, statistically significant multiple regression models were established for 26 points on the face and head. Examination of regression model validity resulted in minimal differences between observed and predicted soft tissue thickness values. Assessment of interspecies compatibility using a bonobo ( Pan paniscus ) and modern human (Homo sapiens ) subject resulted in minimal differences for the bonobo but large differences for the modern human. These results clearly show that (1) soft tissue thicknesses covary with craniometric dimensions in P. troglodytes , (2) confirms that such covariation is uniformly present in both extant Homo and Pan species, and (3) suggests that chimp-derived regression models have interspecies compatibility with hominids who have similar craniometric dimensions to P. troglodytes . As the craniometric dimensions of early hominids, such as South African australopithecines, are more similar to P. troglodytes than those of H. sapiens , chimpanzee-derived regression models may be used for approximating their craniofacial anatomy. It is hoped that the results of the present study and the reference dataset for facial soft tissue thicknesses of chimpanzees it provides will encourage further research into this topic.

中文翻译：

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致力于恢复古老的人颅颅面解剖学：黑猩猩形态揭示了颅骨测量与面部软组织厚度之间的协变

在现代人类中，面部软组织厚度已显示出与颅骨尺寸有关。然而，迄今为止，尚未证实这些关系是否与非人类猿类共享。在这项研究中，我们分析了黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）中的这些关系，目的是产生回归模型以近似上新世原始人的面部软组织厚度。使用19位受试者的CT扫描，637个软组织和349个颅骨测量值，针对面部和头部的26个点建立了具有统计学意义的多元回归模型。回归模型有效性的检查导致观察到的和预测的软组织厚度值之间的差异最小。使用a黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）和现代人类（Homo sapiens）进行物种间相容性评估时，the黑猩猩的差异很小，但现代人类的差异很大。这些结果清楚地表明：（1）穴居假单胞菌的软组织厚度随颅骨尺寸而变化；（2）证实这种协变均匀存在于现存的同源和泛物种中；（3）表明黑猩猩衍生的回归模型具有种间相容性与具有与穴居假单胞菌相似的颅骨尺寸的人类。由于早期人类的颅骨尺寸，例如南非的奥古斯皮碱，比智囊虫更相似，因此可将黑猩猩衍生的回归模型用于近似其颅面解剖。