The use of physiological models in medicine allows the evaluation of new hypotheses, development of diagnosis and clinical treatment applications, development of training and medical education tools, as well as medical device design. Although several mathematical models of physiological systems have been presented in the literature, few of them are able to predict the human cardiorespiratory response under physical exercise stimulus adequately. This paper aims to present the building and comparison of an integrated cardiorespiratory model focused on the prediction of the healthy human response under rest and aerobic exercise. The model comprises cardiovascular circulation, respiratory mechanics, gas exchange system, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory controllers. Every system is based on previously reported physiological models and incorporates reported mechanisms related to the aerobic exercise dynamics. Experimental data of thirty healthy male volunteers undergoing a cardiopulmonary exercise test and simulated data from two of the most current and complete cardiorespiratory models were used to evaluate the performance of the presented model. Experimental design, processing, and exploratory analysis are described in detail. The simulation results were compared against the experimental data in steady-state and in transient regime. The predictions of the proposed model closely mimic the experimental data, showing in overall the lowest prediction error (10.35%), the lowest settling times for cardiovascular and respiratory variables, and in general, the fastest and similar responses in transient regime. These results suggest that the proposed model is suitable to predict the cardiorespiratory response of healthy adult humans under rest and aerobic exercise conditions.

中文翻译：

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运动对心血管和呼吸系统反应的综合数学模型：建立模型并与已报告的模型进行比较

在医学中使用生理模型可以评估新的假设，开发诊断和临床治疗应用，开发培训和医学教育工具以及医疗设备设计。尽管文献中已经提出了几种生理系统的数学模型，但是很少有人能够在体育锻炼的刺激下充分预测人的心肺反应。本文旨在介绍建立和比较心肺功能综合模型，该模型侧重于在休息和有氧运动下健康人类反应的预测。该模型包括心血管循环，呼吸力学，气体交换系统以及心血管和呼吸控制器。每个系统都基于先前报告的生理模型，并结合了与有氧运动动力学相关的报告机制。使用三十名健康的男性志愿者进行心肺运动试验的实验数据以及来自两个最新和最完整的心肺模型的模拟数据来评估所提出模型的性能。详细描述了实验设计，处理和探索性分析。将仿真结果与稳态和瞬态条件下的实验数据进行了比较。所提出模型的预测结果与实验数据非常相似，总体上显示出最低的预测误差（10.35％），心血管和呼吸系统变量的最短建立时间，以及总体而言，瞬态响应最快且相似。