Parents and preschoolers show respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) synchrony, but it is unclear how child self-regulation and the dyadic affective climate shape RSA synchrony and how synchrony differs for mothers and fathers. We examined child average RSA, externalizing problems, and dyadic positive affect as moderators of the synchrony of dynamic, within-epoch child and parent RSA reactivity during a challenging task. Mothers (N = 82) and fathers (N = 60) oversampled for familial risk participated with their 3-year-olds. For mothers, when children showed either higher externalizing or lower average RSA, negative RSA synchrony was observed as dynamic coupling of maternal RSA augmentation and child RSA withdrawal, suggesting inadequate support of the child during challenge. However, when children showed both higher externalizing and lower average RSA, indicating greater regulatory difficulties overall, positive synchrony was observed as joint RSA withdrawal. The same patterns were found for father–child RSA synchrony but instead with respect to the moderators of higher externalizing and lower dyadic positive affect. Findings suggest moderators of RSA synchrony differ by parent and shared positive affect plays a robust role in fathers’ RSA reactivity and synchrony. Mothers may be more attuned to children's regulatory capacities, whereas fathers may be more influenced by the immediate behavioral context.

中文翻译：

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母子和父子 RSA 同步的差异：儿童自我调节和二元影响的调节

父母和学龄前儿童表现出呼吸性窦性心律失常 (RSA) 同步性，但尚不清楚儿童的自我调节和二元情感气候如何塑造 RSA 同步性以及母亲和父亲的同步性有何不同。我们检查了儿童平均 RSA、外化问题和二元积极影响，作为在一项具有挑战性的任务中动态、时代内儿童和父母 RSA 反应性的同步调节剂。母亲 ( N  = 82) 和父亲 ( N = 60) 因家庭风险而过度抽样的人与他们 3 岁的孩子一起参加。对于母亲，当孩子表现出较高的外化或较低的平均 RSA 时，观察到负 RSA 同步作为母亲 RSA 增加和孩子 RSA 退出的动态耦合，表明在挑战期间对孩子的支持不足。然而，当儿童表现出较高的外化和较低的平均 RSA 时，表明总体上存在更大的监管困难，当联合 RSA 退出时观察到正同步。在父子 RSA 同步中发现了相同的模式，但在较高外化和较低二元积极影响的调节因素方面。研究结果表明，RSA 同步性的调节因子因父母而异，共享的积极影响在父亲的 RSA 反应性和同步性中起着重要作用。