The use of sulfur mustard (SM) in global terrorism is still a relevant threat to both civilian population and military personnel. Casualties exposed to SM may present mild, moderate or severe acute ocular lesions followed by a complete ocular resolution, chronic lesions or re-emerged ocular pathologies after a latent period. Current treatment for SM-induced ocular injury is based mainly on the clinical manifestation at the different stages of the injury and includes pharmaceutical and surgical interventions. These therapeutic measures are beneficial but not sufficient, and the ocular injury remains a continuous challenge for medical professionals. This review focuses on treatment experience carried out in humans and studied in animal models, for both SM-induced ocular acute injury and late pathology. In general, therapeutic measures are based on clinical features of the ocular injury or on the involvement of specific factors during the ocular injury that point out towards potential treatments. Anti-inflammatory treatments and limbal stem cell transplantation techniques were developed based on the clinical manifestation of the ocular injury. Optional therapies for impaired corneal innervation and endothelium are suggested for future research. Additionally, studies on potential treatments with anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-IL-6 agents are discussed. Consequently, future studies may reveal the potential of additional pharmacological and biological treatments or advanced cellular and molecular biology methods to serve as novel therapeutic measures and techniques for this complicated ocular injury.

中文翻译：

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硫芥所致眼外伤的治疗措施

在全球恐怖主义中使用硫芥 (SM) 仍然是对平民和军事人员的相关威胁。暴露于 SM 的伤员可能会出现轻度、中度或重度急性眼部病变，然后是完全的眼部消退、慢性病变或潜伏期后重新出现眼部病变。目前对 SM 诱导的眼损伤的治疗主要基于损伤不同阶段的临床表现，包括药物和手术干预。这些治疗措施是有益的，但还不够，眼部损伤仍然是医疗专业人员面临的持续挑战。本综述侧重于在人类中进行的治疗经验，并在动物模型中进行研究，用于 SM 诱导的眼部急性损伤和晚期病理。一般来说，治疗措施基于眼部损伤的临床特征或眼部损伤期间特定因素的参与，这些因素指出了潜在的治疗方法。根据眼部损伤的临床表现，开发了抗炎治疗和角膜缘干细胞移植技术。建议对角膜神经支配和内皮受损的可选疗法用于未来的研究。此外，还讨论了使用抗基质金属蛋白酶 (MMP)、抗血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 和抗 IL-6 药物进行潜在治疗的研究。因此，未来的研究可能会揭示额外的药理学和生物治疗或先进的细胞和分子生物学方法的潜力，作为这种复杂眼损伤的新治疗措施和技术。