The rudder of an airplane is fabricated as a sandwich panel and can potentially be damaged by hail ice. The dynamic responses of a CFRP/Nomex sandwich panel with barely any visible core damage under multi-angle impact of an ice sphere at various velocities are researched experimentally and by using numerical simulations at the mesoscale. The results show that the honeycomb core represents three types of failure modes: wrinkling, fracture of cell walls, and debonding of cell walls at the interface of two-glued-paper-walls (TGPW) due to resin failure. These failure modes exist at specific impact velocities and angles. This paper proposes a mesoscale numerical modeling method of a honeycomb structure to represent the debonding failure at the TGPW interface. In addition, the mechanical properties of these failures are revealed, as the wrinkling of the cell walls are caused by buckling and the fracture of the cell walls and debonding of the TGPW interface are caused by out-plane and in-plane shearing of cell walls. The results showed that the relationship between the denting and impact kinetic energy under multi-angle impact is linear with respect to the impact angle. The effects of impact angles on the contacting forces on a rigid wall and sandwich panel are presented as the amount of peak impact forces affected by the target material type. However, the intensity of the peak impact forces is rarely affected by the type of the target material. The peak impact force of nonvertical impact is greater than that of the normal impact when the normal components of the impact velocities are the same. This is because the impact angle affects the distribution of ice scatter fragments during the impact, and this generates different pressure distributions on the face sheet of the panel.

飞机的舵被制造成夹心板，并且可能被冰雹损坏。在中速范围内，通过数值模拟，通过实验研究了CFRP / Nomex夹芯板在冰球多角度冲击下几乎没有可见的核心损伤的动力响应。结果表明，蜂窝芯表现出三种类型的破坏模式：起皱，泡孔壁破裂以及由于树脂破坏而在两胶纸壁（TGPW）界面处的泡孔壁脱粘。这些破坏模式以特定的撞击速度和角度存在。本文提出了一种蜂窝结构的中尺度数值建模方法，以表示TGPW界面处的脱胶破坏。此外，还揭示了这些故障的机械性能，因为细胞壁的起皱是由屈曲引起的，并且细胞壁的破裂和TGPW界面的脱粘是由细胞壁的面外和面内剪切引起的。结果表明，多角度冲击下凹陷与冲击动能之间的关系相对于冲击角呈线性关系。冲击角对刚性壁和夹芯板上的接触力的影响表示为受目标材料类型影响的最大冲击力。但是，峰值冲击力的强度很少受靶材类型的影响。当冲击速度的法向分量相同时，非垂直冲击的峰值冲击力大于正常冲击的冲击力。