This work aims for the exploitation of low-grade thermal energy (<100 °C) in conjunction with the operation of nanogenerators run by a highly responsive low-temperature differential (LTD) heat engine. Two different types of nanogenerators were fabricated and tested in four different schemes: triboelectric in non-contact sliding mode (TENG), piezoelectric in contact-separation mode (PENG), triboelectric in contact-separation mode (TENG-2), and coupled triboelectric and piezoelectric in contact-separation mode (TENG-PENG). A series of tests were performed in generating power from the coupled action of triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators with the operation of a LTD Stirling engine to harness low-grade thermal energy. This stands out as compared to previous studies from the perspective of operating two different types of nanogenerators in two different modes at the same time and the exploitation of low-grade thermal energy rather than the ambient mechanical energy, which is witnessed in most accomplishments in the relevant area. Running the triboelectric nanogenerator (non-contact sliding mode) with a small LTD heat engine (MM-7 Stirling engine) delivered a maximum output voltage of 35 V for a temperature difference of 73.2 °C. Meanwhile, the piezoelectric, triboelectric, and hybridized triboelectric-piezoelectric (contact-separation mode) nanogenerator produced output voltages of 4 V, 20.1 V, and 40 V, respectively. A maximum combined voltage of 74 V was also measured when the output of the triboelectric generator in noncontact sliding mode was combined with the hybrid (triboelectric-piezoelectric) nanogenerator operating in contact-separation mode. Operating the nanogenerators in conjunction with an electromagnetic generator (EMG) was also tested as appropriate, which clearly demonstrates the potential of their application in a hybrid manner if needed.

这项工作旨在利用低响应热能（<100°C）以及由高响应低温差（LTD）热机运行的纳米发电机的运行。两种不同类型的纳米发电机被制造并以四种不同的方案进行了测试：非接触滑动模式下的摩擦电（TENG），接触分离模式下的压电（PENG），接触分离模式下的摩擦电（TENG-2）和耦合摩擦电并在接触分离模式下使用压电（TENG-PENG）。在通过摩擦电和压电纳米发电机的耦合作用以及LTD斯特林发动机的运行来利用低级热能的过程中，进行了一系列测试。与以前的研究相比，从同时以两种不同模式操作两种不同类型的纳米发电机以及利用低品位热能而不是环境机械能的角度来看，这是突出的，这在大多数研究成果中得到了证明。相关区域。用小型LTD热机（MM-7斯特林发动机）运行摩擦电纳米发电机（非接触滑模）可提供35 V的最大输出电压，温差为73.2°C。同时，压电，摩擦电和杂化摩擦-压电（接触分离模式）纳米发电机分别产生4 V，20.1 V和40 V的输出电压。当非接触滑动模式的摩擦发电器的输出与以接触分离模式运行的混合（摩擦电-压电）纳米发电机结合时，也测得最大组合电压为74V。还适当地测试了将纳米发电机与电磁发电机（EMG）结合使用的操作，这清楚地证明了如果需要，可以以混合方式应用纳米发电机。