The Distinct Element Method (DEM) has gained recent attention to study geotechnical designs with rock-concrete or rock–rock interfaces, such as rock-socketed piles. In this work, 3D DEM models with non-standard contacts laws (the Smooth-Joint and Flat-Joint contact models) are proposed to analyze the response of axially loaded rock-socketed piles with different sockets roughness, since socket roughness is a key factor affecting their side shear resistance that is not usually considered for pile design. DEM models are calibrated using experimental data, and the consequences of applying 2D models for calibration, to be subsequently used in a 3D analysis, are studied. Numerical results suggest that such DEM models can be employed to reproduce key aspects of the behavior of rock-socketed piles, such as their load and global stiffness-settlement response, their side shear resistance, and the damage at the rock-pile interface. Finally, an empirical factor $${\alpha }_{RF,1\%D}$$ α R F , 1 % D is proposed to estimate the side shear resistance of rock-socketed piles considering the socket roughness and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the weaker material (rock or pile) at the interface.

中文翻译：

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基于 DEM 的因素来设计考虑承窝粗糙度的承岩桩

不同元素法 (DEM) 最近在研究具有岩石-混凝土或岩石-岩石界面的岩土工程设计（例如嵌岩桩）方面受到关注。在这项工作中，提出了具有非标准接触定律的 3D DEM 模型（Smooth-Joint 和 Flat-Joint 接触模型）来分析具有不同插座粗糙度的轴向承载嵌岩桩的响应，因为插座粗糙度是一个关键因素影响它们的侧剪抗力，这通常在桩设计中不被考虑。DEM 模型使用实验数据进行校准，并研究了应用 2D 模型进行校准（随后用于 3D 分析）的后果。数值结果表明，这种 DEM 模型可用于重现嵌岩桩行为的关键方面，例如它们的载荷和整体刚度-沉降响应、它们的侧向剪切阻力以及岩桩界面处的损坏。最后，提出了一个经验因子$${\alpha }_{RF,1\%D}$$ α RF , 1 % D 来估计考虑承窝粗糙度和单轴抗压强度的嵌岩桩侧剪抗力(UCS) 较弱的材料（岩石或桩）在界面处。