Sonless families may pose a gendered demographic dividend. As fertility declines, families with only daughters are likely to grow. In turn, patriarchal family systems may weaken when many families are unable to engage in patriarchal practices. I examine some of these theorized dynamics in India. Sonless families did grow as fertility declined, reaching 10 percent in India as a whole in 2015 and approaching 20 percent in states with earlier fertility declines. I also identify a substantial influence of children's sex on mothers’ expectations of old‐age support. Using panel data from the India Human Development Survey, I compare women's expectations after they had children to earlier expectations when they did not yet have children. Women with sons kept or further embraced patriarchal expectations that a son would provide support. Sonless mothers largely gave up patriarchal expectations, turning to daughters or away from children altogether.

中文翻译：

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另一个性别人口红利：适应没有儿子的未来

无子家庭可能会带来性别化的人口红利。随着生育率的下降，只有女儿的家庭可能会增加。反过来，当许多家庭无法从事父权制实践时，父权制家庭制度可能会削弱。我研究了印度的一些理论动态。Sonless 家庭确实随着生育率下降而增长，2015 年整个印度达到 10%，在生育率下降较早的州接近 20%。我还确定了儿童性别对母亲对老年支持的期望的重大影响。使用来自印度人类发展调查的面板数据，我将女性在生孩子后的期望与她们尚未生育时的早期期望进行了比较。有儿子的女性保持或进一步接受了父权制的期望，即儿子会提供支持。