This paper examines recent reversals and divergences in Japan's and Korea's free‐trade agreement (FTA) patterns and strategies through the cases of the Trans‐Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, the Japan–Australia FTA, and the Korea–China FTA. Throughout the 2000s, South Korea was much more proactive in pursuing FTAs with major trade partners and agricultural exporters compared to Japan. Departing from its past FTA practices, however, Japan recently concluded the Japan–Australia FTA and the TPP negotiations, which include substantial liberalization of Japan's politically sensitive and heavily protected agricultural sector. In contrast, Korea has increasingly been taking a more protective stance in its recent FTAs and has been hesitant to join the TPP negotiations. This paper argues that changes in Japan's and Korea's domestic trade governance – in other words the institutions of trade policy‐making that encompass the authority structure, decision‐making processes, and coordinating mechanisms among various societal and political actors – explain Japan's and Korea's shifting FTA patterns and strategies.

中文翻译：

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日本和韩国自由贸易协定中的反向不对称：TPP及以后

本文通过跨太平洋伙伴关系（TPP）谈判，日澳自由贸易协定和韩中自由贸易协定的案例，研究了日韩自由贸易协定（FTA）模式和战略的近期逆转和分歧。在整个2000年代，与日本相比，韩国在与主要贸易伙伴和农产品出口商达成自由贸易协定方面更加积极。但是，日本与以往的自由贸易协定做法背道而驰，最近又结束了日澳自由贸易协定和TPP谈判，其中包括对日本政治敏感和受重保护的农业部门的实质性自由化。相反，韩国在其最近的自由贸易协定中越来越采取更加保护性的立场，并一直不愿加入TPP谈判。本文认为，日本和韩国的变化