The dialectical relationship between secularism and capitalism, where contradictions in this relationship are resolved on the basis of class relations, results in various state‐religion relationships in different social formations. The limitations and particularities of secularism are exaggerated in countries that arrived late at capitalism, such as Turkey. These late‐developers are subject to the dynamics of uneven and combined development. This paper borrows from Marxism, particularly the theory of uneven and combined development, in order to explore the relationship between the consolidation of the modern nation‐state and its secularisation process during the bourgeois revolution of 1923 in Turkey.

中文翻译：

---

世俗主义作为阶级斗争的领域：土耳其的国家，宗教和阶级关系

世俗主义与资本主义之间的辩证关系，是在阶级关系的基础上解决了这种关系中的矛盾，导致了不同社会形态下的各种国家宗教关系。世俗主义的局限性和特殊性在土耳其等迟到资本主义的国家中被夸大了。这些后期开发者会受到发展不平衡和联合发展的影响。本文借鉴马克思主义，特别是不均衡和联合发展理论，以探讨1923年土耳其资产阶级革命期间现代民族国家的巩固与世俗化过程之间的关系。