The literature on the history of passports has been generally discussed in the context of freedom of movement around the globe during the 19^th century. However, with its administrative regulations and practices, the Ottoman Empire offered a different view of passports and mobility controls. Through perceiving new threats from the political issues of the late 19^th century and directing its attention mainly at the Armenian and Macedonian Questions, one of the critical issues facing the Ottoman government during the Hamidian Era (1876–1908) was controlling the geographic mobility of the individuals who were perceived as a threat based on Ottoman security policies. This paper brings a particular case of this history into focus: the administrative control of the mobility of Armenians. Despite the fact that extensive research has been done on the Armenian Question, so far, little has been written on the policies restricting their mobility. This paper aims to explore the passport regulations and practices to shed light onto the relationship between state formation, Ottoman threat perceptions and the marginalisation of the Armenian community. I offer a new look at the securitisation of the Armenian Question.

中文翻译：

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在奥斯曼帝国后期（1876年至1908年）通过护照管理亚美尼亚问题

护照上的历史文献已经在全球自由行动的背景下，有19人在一般地讨论^个世纪。但是，凭借其行政法规和惯例，奥斯曼帝国对护照和出行控制提出了不同的看法。通过从晚19的政治问题感知新的威胁^日世纪，并将注意力主要集中在亚美尼亚和马其顿问题上，在哈米迪亚时代（1876年至1908年）期间，奥斯曼政府面临的关键问题之一是控制个人的地理流动性，这些人被认为是基于奥斯曼安全政策的威胁。本文将这一历史的一个特殊案例作为焦点：亚美尼亚人流动的行政控制。尽管事实上已经对亚美尼亚问题进行了广泛的研究，但到目前为止，关于限制其流动性的政策的文献很少。本文旨在探索护照法规和实践，以阐明国家形成，奥斯曼帝国的威胁感知与亚美尼亚社区的边缘化之间的关系。我对亚美尼亚问题的证券化提供了新的视角。