Enteric infections represent a major health care challenge which is particularly prevalent in countries with restricted access to clean water and sanitation and lacking personal hygiene precautions, altogether facilitating fecal-oral transmission of a heterogeneous spectrum of enteropathogenic microorganisms. Among these, bacterial species are responsible for a considerable proportion of illnesses, hospitalizations, and fatal cases, all of which have been continuously contributing to ignite researchers’ interest in further exploring their individual pathogenicity. Beyond the universally accepted animal models, intestinal organoids are increasingly valued for their ability to mimic key architectural and physiologic features of the native intestinal mucosa. As a consequence, they are regarded as the most versatile and naturalistic in vitro model of the gut, allowing monitoring of adherence, invasion, intracellular trafficking, and propagation as well as repurposing components of the host cell equipment. At the same time, infected intestinal organoids allow close characterization of the host epithelium’s immune response to enteropathogens. In this review, (i) we provide a profound update on intestinal organoid-based tissue engineering, (ii) we report the latest pathophysiological findings defining the infected intestinal organoids, and (iii) we discuss the advantages and limitations of this in vitro model.

中文翻译：

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肠道致病性感染：类器官细菌

肠感染是一项重大的医疗保健挑战，在难以获得清洁水和卫生设施且缺乏个人卫生预防措施的国家中尤其普遍，这完全促进了肠道致病微生物的异质谱系通过粪便传播。在这些细菌中，细菌引起了很大一部分疾病，住院和致命病例，所有这些都不断激发着研究人员对进一步探索其个体致病性的兴趣。除了普遍接受的动物模型外，肠道类器官还因其模仿天然肠道粘膜的关键结构和生理特征的能力而越来越受到重视。因此，它们被认为是最通用，最自然的肠道的体外模型，可以监测粘附，侵袭，细胞内运输和繁殖，以及改变宿主细胞设备的用途。同时，受感染的肠道类动物器官可对宿主上皮细胞对肠病原体的免疫反应进行精确表征。在这篇综述中，（i）我们对基于肠类器官的组织工程学进行了深刻的更新，（ii）报告了定义受感染肠类器官的最新病理生理学发现，并且（iii）讨论了该体外模型的优势和局限。