Autophagy is the highly conserved catabolic process, which enables the survival of a cell under unfavorable environmental conditions. In a constantly changing environment, cells must be capable of dynamically oscillating between anabolism and catabolism in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this context, the activity of the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is of major importance. As a central signaling node, it directly controls the process of macroautophagy and thus cellular metabolism. Thereby, the control of mTORC1 is equally crucial as the regulation of cellular homeostasis itself, whereby particular importance is attributed to amino acid sensory proteins. In this review, we describe the recent findings of macroautophagy and mTORC1 regulation by upstream amino acid stimuli in different subcellular localizations. We highlight in detail which proteins of the sensor complexes play a specific role in this regulation and point out additional non-canonical functions, e.g. in the regulation of macroautophagy, which have received little attention so far.

自噬是高度保守的分解代谢过程，它使细胞能够在不利的环境条件下存活。在不断变化的环境中，细胞必须能够在合成代谢和分解代谢之间动态振荡，以维持细胞稳态。在这种情况下，雷帕霉素复合物 1 (mTORC1) 的机械靶点的活性非常重要。作为中央信号节点，它直接控制巨自噬过程，从而控制细胞代谢。因此，mTORC1 的控制与细胞稳态本身的调节同样重要，因此特别重要的是氨基酸感觉蛋白。在这篇综述中，我们描述了在不同亚细胞定位中上游氨基酸刺激对巨自噬和 mTORC1 调控的最新发现。