Natural and human drivers both drive novel assemblages of native and non-native plants in urban vegetation, but they are often studied separately. We studied both planted and spontaneously-established plants in urban parks to understand how natural and human drivers co-determine urban plant assemblages. Vascular plants in 78 Taipei City parks covering 336.6 ha were surveyed through a complete sweep of all vegetation. Park typologies were defined using nonmetric multidimensional scaling of 1149 species and park characteristics. NMS1 was defined by planted species and was most related to park-size: Small community-parks had a low diversity of shade-trees and small shrubs/ornamental-plants; Large multifunctional parks had the highest plant diversity. NMS2 was defined by spontaneously-established species and determined by vertical structure: Natural forest remnants were structurally the most complex, hosted many spontaneously-established native shrub- and epiphyte-layer species, and had the highest native diversity; City beautification parks had the simplest structure and low planted diversity, but hosted a high richness of spontaneously-established herbaceous plants, many of them non-natives. Alternative “anthropogenic versions” of various species-area hypotheses were proposed. Although landscape designers are the dominant drivers of plant composition in urban parks, the variety of artificially-created habitat structures provided the settings upon which natural ecological processes of spontaneous establishment could unfold. Landscape architects could enhance native species persistence by providing a diversity of habitat structures, using natural elements and a higher abundance of native herbaceous species, and ensuring potential habitats for native herbaceous and epiphyte species in urban greenspaces are effectively connected to their natural populations.

自然和人类驱动程序都驱动城市植被中的本地植物和非本地植物的新颖组合，但它们经常被单独研究。我们研究了城市公园中的种植植物和自发种植的植物，以了解自然和人为因素如何共同决定城市植物的组合。通过对所有植被的完整扫描，对台北市78个公园中占地336.6公顷的维管植物进行了调查。公园类型学是使用1149种物种的非度量多维标度和公园特征来定义的。NMS1是由种植的物种定义的，并且与公园的大小最相关：小型社区公园的阴影树和小型灌木/观赏植物的多样性较低；大型多功能公园的植物多样性最高。NMS2由自发建立的物种定义，并由垂直结构确定：天然森林残余物在结构上最为复杂，拥有许多自发建立的原生灌木和附生植物，并且具有最高的原生多样性。城市美化公园的结构最简单，植物多样性较低，但拥有大量自发建立的草本植物，其中很多是非本地植物。提出了各种物种-地区假设的替代“人为版本”。尽管景观设计师是城市公园植物构成的主要驱动力，但人工创造的栖息地结构的多样性为自然建立自然生态过程提供了条件。景观设计师可以通过提供多种栖息地结构来增强本地物种的持久性，