Funding information Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Grant/Award Number: 01DP17035; Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, Grant/Award Number: 42206-6157 Abstract To fulfill the 2030 Agenda, the complexity of sustainable development goal (SDG) interactions needs to be disentangled. However, this understanding is currently limited. We conduct a cross-sectional correlational analysis for 2016 to understand SDG interactions under the entire development spectrum. We apply several correlation methods to classify the interaction as synergy or trade-off and characterize them according to their monotony and linearity. Simultaneously, we analyze SDG interactions considering population, location, income, and regional groups. Our findings highlight that synergies always outweigh trade-offs and linear outweigh non-linear interactions. SDG 1, 5, and 6 are associated with linear synergies, SDG 3, and 7 with non-linear synergies. SDG interactions vary according to a country's income and region along with the gender, age, and location of its population. In summary, to achieve the 2030 Agenda the detected interactions and inequalities across countries need be tracked and leveraged to “leave no one behind.”

中文翻译：

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可持续发展目标相互作用的变化：人口、区域和收入分类

资助信息 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung，资助/奖励编号：01DP17035；Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, Grant/Award Number: 42206-6157 摘要 为了实现 2030 议程，需要解决可持续发展目标 (SDG) 相互作用的复杂性。然而，这种理解目前是有限的。我们对 2016 年进行了横截面相关分析，以了解整个发展范围内的可持续发展目标相互作用。我们应用几种相关方法将相互作用分类为协同作用或权衡，并根据它们的单调性和线性来表征它们。同时，我们分析了考虑人口、位置、收入和区域群体的 SDG 相互作用。我们的研究结果强调，协同作用总是大于权衡，线性大于非线性相互作用。SDG 1、5 和 6 与线性协同作用相关，SDG 3 和 7 与非线性协同作用相关。可持续发展目标的相互作用因国家的收入和地区以及人口的性别、年龄和位置而异。总之，要实现 2030 年议程，需要跟踪和利用检测到的各国之间的相互作用和不平等，以“不让任何人掉队”。