Natural resource dependence, although commonly invoked in natural resource sociology, has often been ambiguously defined. Communities are frequently described as dependent on natural resource development, but limited attention has been paid to what that means. In the literature, resource dependence is often treated as over-specialization in, or over-reliance upon, the natural resource sectors. However, the logic of over-specialization conceptually grounds dependence in poor economic outcomes. Thus, a one-dimensional typology of dependence based on a threshold of the share of development in the natural resource sector—as commonly used—does not fully capture the concept and risks tautology. In this paper, I address this ambiguity by formally defining natural resource dependence as over-specialization in the natural resource sectors. I then present an ideal typology, known as the Natural Resource Community Typology, and a corresponding classification scheme for rural communities in the United States. The typology integrates both extractive and non-extractive natural resource activity and has two dimensions—the level of development and the level of economic prosperity—and six mutually exclusive categories—extractive specialized, extractive dependent, non-extractive specialized, non-extractive dependent, hybrid specialized, and hybrid dependent. I classify counties from 2000 to 2015 and find that while extractive dependence decreased over the study period, non-extractive dependence increased.

中文翻译：

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定义依赖：自然资源社区类型学*

自然资源依赖，虽然在自然资源社会学中经常被引用，但经常被模糊地定义。社区经常被描述为依赖自然资源开发，但对其含义的关注有限。在文献中，资源依赖通常被视为对自然资源部门的过度专业化或过度依赖。然而，过度专业化的逻辑在概念上将依赖于糟糕的经济结果。因此，基于自然资源部门发展份额阈值的一维依赖类型——正如常用的那样——并没有完全捕捉到这一概念并存在重言式的风险。在本文中，我通过将自然资源依赖正式定义为自然资源部门的过度专业化来解决这种含糊不清的问题。然后，我提出了一种理想的类型学，称为自然资源社区类型学，以及美国农村社区的相应分类方案。该类型整合了采掘和非采掘自然资源活动，并有两个维度——发展水平和经济繁荣水平——以及六个相互排斥的类别——采掘专业、采掘依赖、非采掘专业、非采掘依赖、混合专门化和混合依赖。我对 2000 年至 2015 年的县进行了分类，发现在研究期间，虽然提取依赖下降，但非提取依赖增加。类型学综合了采掘和非采掘自然资源活动，有两个维度——发展水平和经济繁荣水平——以及六个相互排斥的类别——采掘专业、采掘依赖、非采掘专业、非采掘依赖、混合专门化和混合依赖。我对 2000 年至 2015 年的县进行了分类，发现在研究期间，虽然提取依赖下降，但非提取依赖增加。类型学综合了采掘和非采掘自然资源活动，有两个维度——发展水平和经济繁荣水平——以及六个相互排斥的类别——采掘专业、采掘依赖、非采掘专业、非采掘依赖、混合专门化和混合依赖。我对 2000 年至 2015 年的县进行了分类，发现在研究期间，虽然提取依赖下降，但非提取依赖增加。