Despite the commonly vaunted “win‐win” prospect of combining intensified livestock production with greater gender equality, the benefits of formal marketization of livestock products are generally skewed toward men. In response to this global trend, there is a growing impetus to better understand the gender dynamics underlying women's market participation to curtail the risk of worsening gender inequalities in agricultural systems transitioning to intensified production. This study analyzes the spectrum of women's informal milk market practices in two Kenyan Counties undergoing dairy system intensification. Qualitative data were gathered from dairy stakeholders and market traders to explore the localized system of gender relations mediating women's engagement with milk markets and current practices. Results indicate that increased dairy intensification and informal market use is challenging existing gender norms and disrupting the boundaries between hegemonic (socially acceptable) and pariah (socially disruptive) gender relations. While women are generally better able to control the proceeds from their dairy labor in informal markets, they also face high social culpability and danger from engaging in illicit activities that transgress local norms. These contradictory “win‐lose” dynamics and trade‐offs highlight the contested nature of gender market relations under agricultural intensification and commercialization currently being pursued under low emissions dairy development (LEDD) in Kenya. The risk of exacerbating existing gender inequalities has profound implications for LEDD and agricultural intensification more broadly.

中文翻译：

---

在集约化下“打破平衡”？肯尼亚女性奶商的性别权衡*

尽管人们普遍认为将集约化的畜牧生产与更大的性别平等相结合的“双赢”前景，但畜产品正式市场化的收益通常偏向男性。为响应这一全球趋势，人们越来越有动力更好地了解妇女参与市场的基本动力，以减少农业系统向集约化生产过渡过程中性别不平等加剧的风险。这项研究分析了两个乳制品系统集约化的肯尼亚县的妇女非正式牛奶市场做法的范围。从乳业利益相关者和市场交易商那里收集了定性数据，以探讨本地化的性别关系体系，以调解妇女与牛奶市场和现行做法的互动。结果表明，奶业集约化和非正式市场使用的增加正在挑战现有的性别规范，并破坏霸权（社会上可以接受的）和贱民（社会上具有破坏性的）性别关系之间的界限。尽管妇女通常在非正规市场上能够更好地控制其乳制品业的收益，但她们也因从事违背当地规范的非法活动而面临很高的社会责任感和危险。这些矛盾的“双输”动态和取舍权凸显了在肯尼亚低排放奶业发展（LEDD）下目前正在追求的农业集约化和商业化下性别市场关系的竞争性质。加剧现有性别不平等的风险对LEDD和更广泛的农业集约化具有深远的影响。