Charles Tilly emphasizes that state formation is a contingent and violent process: states develop as they extract resources, including currency, from a population. Neochartalist approaches to money challenge what I call the extractivist view of state formation because they see currencies as public institutions established by governments, not a resource to be seized from a population. At the same time, neochartalists rarely address how state institutions capable of establishing monetary institutions emerge. In this article, I propose a framework to analyze the entangled development of the institutions of money and state. I then showcase its usefulness by revisiting a series of crowd actions and militarized responses in eighteenth‐century Massachusetts and Pennsylvania today known as Shays’ Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion, focusing on the initially ad hoc and then routinized funding mechanism that enabled emerging state actors to deploy armed groups. In closing, I argue that despite the violence involved in the emergence of the institutions of state and money, citizens and inhabitants can begin to imagine democratic ways of institutionalizing money today.

中文翻译：

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关于国家和阶级形成过程中的货币制度的注意事项

查尔斯·提利（Charles Tilly）强调，国家形成是一个偶然的暴力过程：国家在从人口中提取包括货币在内的资源时发展。新字符主义的货币方法挑战了我所谓的国家形成的提取主义观点，因为他们将货币视为政府建立的公共机构，而不是从人口手中夺取的资源。同时，新角色主义者很少谈论有能力建立货币机构的国家机构如何出现。在本文中，我提出了一个框架来分析货币制度与国家制度的纠结发展。然后，我通过回顾18世纪在马萨诸塞州和宾夕法尼亚州（今天称为“谢伊起义”和“威士忌起义”）的一系列人群行动和军事反应来展示其有用性，侧重于最初的临时和常规化的筹资机制，该机制使新兴的国家行为体能够部署武装团体。最后，我认为，尽管国家和金钱制度的兴起涉及暴力，但公民和居民仍可以开始想象当今将金钱制度化的民主方式。