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• Behind the Exhibit: Displaying Science and Technology at World's Fairs and Museums in the Twentieth Century. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology, vol. 12 ed. by Elena Canadelli
• Morris Low (bio)

The papers in this handsomely illustrated book document how nations have looked to science and technology exhibits to celebrate their achievements since the late nineteenth century. While many historians have noted, in passing, how exhibits at world's fairs have often made their way into museums, this book is the first devoted to exploring the links between these settings. In addition, it documents how there has been a growing emphasis on multimedia experiences and hands-on exhibits over static displays of objects since the interwar period. While obvious to many historians of technology, the editors trace this shift's historical roots in Behind the Exhibit through a dozen case studies. The book starts by discussing the display of chemical heritage and the controversy between the French and Germans in the late 1860s over Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's role in the history of chemistry. Next, we see how Germany, Russia, and America attempted to claim electrical telegraphy as their own, despite the technology being the result of cumulative progress (chapter 2).

The strength of the volume is the section on the interwar period. The Catalan forge was seen by some engineers as a symbol of the "technological soul" of the Catalan nation dating back to the Middle Ages (chapter 3). Unfortunately for the Catalans, the Spanish government chose to "de-Catalanize" the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition and no traces of Catalonia's metallurgical past appeared. Other European efforts to link science and technology to nations and regions were more successful. The book also discusses the First National Exhibition of the History of Science held in Florence that same year (chapter 4). It led to the establishment of a national Museum of the History of Science, now the Museo Galileo, in 1930. Italians also looked to world's fairs to project their national achievements on an international stage. At the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, some of the replicas and scale models exhibited by the Italians would later enter the collections of the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago as well as the National Museum of Science and Technology in Milan. [End Page 1269]

The Chicago fair emphasized modern science, spectacle, and the importance of experiences. It showcased the first modern planetarium in the United States, which took the form of an astronomical museum, housing a significant collection of historical scientific instruments (chapter 6). This dual approach is what we see in many museums today. The book then discusses the establishment of the Palais de la Découverte against the background of the 1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Technology in Modern Life (chapter 7). The vision for the Palais was a permanent museum dedicated to modern science, a forerunner of a modern science center. As the Hall of Science at the Chicago fair had influenced the Palais, we can point to a web of influences that this book helps identify.

The book also examines the Italian Exhibition of Universal Science set to open in 1942 as part of the Universal Exposition of Rome, which then became part of a permanent science museum (chapter 8). Although the expo was ultimately cancelled, the grand plans nevertheless show the scale of Mussolini's ambitions and what a science museum in Rome would have looked like. The link between science and ideology was further emphasized during the Cold War.

The final part of the book is devoted to the post-World War II period. The book covers the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History) as an example of the reinvention of the science museum in the 1960s, in contrast with the Exploratorium in San Francisco (chapter 9...

审核人：

• 展览的背后：在20世纪的世界博览会和博物馆中展示科学技术。人工制品：科学技术史研究，第一卷。第12版。通过埃琳娜·卡纳德利（Elena Canadelli）
• 莫里斯·洛（生物）

这本插图精美的书中的论文记录了各国自19世纪末以来如何看待科学和技术展览以庆祝其成就。尽管许多历史学家顺便指出了世界博览会上的展览品通常如何进入博物馆，但该书还是第一本专门探讨这些环境之间的联系的书。此外，它记录了自两次大战以来，如何越来越重视多媒体体验和动手展览，而不是静态展示对象。尽管对于许多技术史学家来说都是显而易见的，但编辑们还是在展览的背后追溯了这一转变的历史根源。通过十几个案例研究。该书首先讨论了化学遗产的展示以及1860年代后期法国人和德国人之间关于安托万-洛朗·拉瓦锡耶（Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier）在化学史上的作用的争论。接下来，我们将了解德国，俄罗斯和美国如何尝试声称自己拥有电子电报，尽管该技术是累积进步的结果（第2章）。

该卷的强项是两次战争之间的时期。一些工程师将加泰罗尼亚的伪造视为加泰罗尼亚民族的“技术灵魂”的象征（可追溯到中世纪）（第3章）。对于加泰罗尼亚人来说不幸的是，西班牙政府选择将1929年巴塞罗那国际展览会“去加泰罗尼亚化”，而加泰罗尼亚冶金学的踪迹却丝毫没有出现。欧洲将科学技术与国家和地区联系起来的其他努力更为成功。该书还讨论了当年在佛罗伦萨举行的第一届全国科学史展览（第4章）。这导致了1930年建立了国家科学史博物馆（现为伽利略博物馆）的建立。展览会，以在国际舞台上展现其国家成就。在1933年的芝加哥世纪进步世界博览会上，意大利人展出的一些复制品和比例模型后来被芝加哥的科学和工业博物馆以及米兰的国家科学技术博物馆收藏。[结束页1269]

芝加哥博览会强调现代科学，奇观和体验的重要性。它展示了美国第一个现代天文馆，它以一个天文博物馆的形式，收藏了大量历史科学仪器（第6章）。我们今天在许多博物馆都看到这种双重方法。然后，本书讨论了1937年巴黎国际现代生活艺术与技术博览会（背景第7章）的背景下，德拉古维特宫的建立。万国宫的愿景是一个致力于现代科学的常设博物馆，是现代科学中心的先驱。由于芝加哥交易会的科学馆对万国宫产生了影响，因此我们可以指出这本书有助于确定的影响网。

该书还考察了义大利世界科学展览会，该展览会于1942年开幕，是罗马世界博览会的一部分，后来成为永久性科学博物馆的一部分（第8章）。尽管世博会最终被取消，但总体规划仍显示了墨索里尼的野心和罗马科学博物馆的模样。在冷战期间，科学与意识形态之间的联系得到了进一步强调。

本书的最后一部分专门讨论了第二次世界大战后的时期。该书涵盖了史密森学会的历史与技术博物馆（现为美国国家历史博物馆），作为1960年代科学博物馆重塑的一个例子，与旧金山的探索博物馆相反（第9章...