The fertilizing spermatozoon is a highly specialized cell that selects from millions along the female tract until the oocyte. The paternal components influence the oocyte activation during fertilization and are fundamental for normal embryo development; however, the sperm-oocyte interplay is in a continuous debate. This review aims to analyze the available scientific information related to the role of the male gamete in the oocyte activation during fertilization, the process of the interaction of sperm factors with oocyte machinery, and the implications of any alterations in this interplay, as well as the advances and limitations of the reproductive techniques and diagnostic tests. At present, both PLCζ and PAWP are the main candidates as oocyte activated factors during fertilization. While PLCζ mechanism is via IP3, how PAWP activates the oocyte still no clear, and these findings are important to study and treat fertilization failure due to oocyte activation, especially when one of the causes is the deficiency of PLCζ in the sperm. However, no diagnostic test has been developed to establish the amount of PLCζ, the protocol to treat this type of pathologies is broad, including treatment with ionophores, sperm selection improvement, and microinjection with PLCζ protein or RNA.

中文翻译：

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精子与卵子的相互作用：精子在卵母细胞活化中的作用概述以及诊断和生育治疗的最新观点

受精精子是高度专业化的细胞，沿着雌性器官从卵子直至卵母细胞中进行选择。父本成分会影响受精过程中卵母细胞的活化，是正常胚胎发育的基础。然而，精卵间的相互作用仍在持续的争论中。这篇综述旨在分析与男性配子在受精过程中卵母细胞活化中的作用，精子因子与卵母细胞机械相互作用的过程以及这种相互作用的任何改变的影响有关的可用科学信息。生殖技术和诊断测试的进步与局限。目前，PLCζ和PAWP都是受精过程中卵母细胞激活因子的主要候选者。虽然PLCζ机制是通过IP3，PAWP如何激活卵母细胞尚不清楚，这些发现对于研究和治疗由于卵母细胞激活而导致的受精失败非常重要，尤其是当原因之一是精子中PLCζ缺乏时。但是，尚未开发出诊断测试来确定PLCζ的数量，治疗这类病理类型的方案很广泛，包括用离子载体治疗，精子选择改善和用PLCζ蛋白或RNA显微注射。