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CRISPR-Cas9 multiplex genome editing of the hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase gene family alters arabinogalactan-protein glycosylation and function in Arabidopsis
BMC Plant Biology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 , DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02791-9
Yuan Zhang 1, 2 , Michael A Held 1, 3 , Dasmeet Kaur 1, 2 , Allan M Showalter 1, 2
Affiliation  

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a class of hydroxyproline-rich proteins (HRGPs) that are heavily glycosylated (> 90%) with type II arabinogalactans (AGs). AGPs are implicated in various plant growth and development processes including cell expansion, somatic embryogenesis, root and stem growth, salt tolerance, hormone signaling, male and female gametophyte development, and defense. To date, eight Hyp-O-galactosyltransferases (GALT2–6, HPGT1–3) have been identified; these enzymes are responsible for adding the first sugar, galactose, onto AGPs. Due to gene redundancy among the GALTs, single or double galt genetic knockout mutants are often not sufficient to fully reveal their biological functions. Here, we report the successful application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing/multiplexing technology to generate higher-order knockout mutants of five members of the GALT gene family (GALT2–6). AGPs analysis of higher-order galt mutants (galt2 galt5, galt3 galt4 galt6, and galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6) demonstrated significantly less glycosylated AGPs in rosette leaves, stems, and siliques compared to the corresponding wild-type organs. Monosaccharide composition analysis of AGPs isolated from rosette leaves revealed significant decreases in arabinose and galactose in all the higher-order galt mutants. Phenotypic analyses revealed that mutation of two or more GALT genes was able to overcome the growth inhibitory effect of β-D-Gal-Yariv reagent, which specifically binds to β-1,3-galactan backbones on AGPs. In addition, the galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 mutant exhibited reduced overall growth, impaired root growth, abnormal pollen, shorter siliques, and reduced seed set. Reciprocal crossing experiments demonstrated that galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 mutants had defects in the female gametophyte which were responsible for reduced seed set. Our CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing/multiplexing approach provides a simpler and faster way to generate higher-order mutants for functional characterization compared to conventional genetic crossing of T-DNA mutant lines. Higher-order galt mutants produced and characterized in this study provide insight into the relationship between sugar decorations and the various biological functions attributed to AGPs in plants.

中文翻译:

羟脯氨酸-O-半乳糖基转移酶基因家族的 CRISPR-Cas9 多重基因组编辑改变了拟南芥中的阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白糖基化和功能

阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白 (AGPs) 是一类富含羟脯氨酸的蛋白质 (HRGPs),其高度糖基化 (> 90%) 与 II 型阿拉伯半乳聚糖 (AGs)。AGP 涉及各种植物生长和发育过程,包括细胞扩增、体细胞胚胎发生、根和茎生长、耐盐性、激素信号传导、雄性和雌性配子体发育和防御。迄今为止,已鉴定出八种 Hyp-O-半乳糖基转移酶(GALT2-6、HPGT1-3);这些酶负责将第一个糖,即半乳糖,添加到 AGP 上。由于 GALT 之间的基因冗余,单或双 galt 基因敲除突变体通常不足以完全揭示其生物学功能。这里,我们报告了 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑/多路复用技术的成功应用,以产生 GALT 基因家族(GALT2-6)五个成员的高阶敲除突变体。高阶 galt 突变体(galt2 galt5、galt3 galt4 galt6 和 galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6)的 AGP 分析表明,与相应的野生型器官相比,莲座状叶、茎和长角果中的糖基化 AGP 显着减少。从莲座丛叶中分离的 AGP 的单糖组成分析显示,所有高阶 galt 突变体中阿拉伯糖和半乳糖的含量均显着降低。表型分析表明,两个或多个 GALT 基因的突变能够克服 β-D-Gal-Yariv 试剂的生长抑制作用,该试剂与 AGP 上的 β-1,3-半乳聚糖骨架特异性结合。此外,galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 突变体表现出整体生长降低、根生长受损、花粉异常、长角果变短和结实减少。互惠杂交实验表明,galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 突变体在雌性配子体中存在缺陷,这是导致结实减少的原因。与 T-DNA 突变系的传统遗传杂交相比,我们的 CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑/多路复用方法提供了一种更简单、更快的方法来生成用于功能表征的高阶突变体。本研究中产生和表征的高阶 galt 突变体提供了对糖装饰与归因于植物中 AGP 的各种生物学功能之间关系的深入了解。互惠杂交实验表明,galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 突变体在雌性配子体中存在缺陷,这是导致种子结实减少的原因。与传统的 T-DNA 突变系遗传杂交相比,我们的 CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑/多路复用方法提供了一种更简单、更快速的方法来生成用于功能表征的高阶突变体。本研究中产生和表征的高阶 galt 突变体提供了对糖装饰与归因于植物中 AGP 的各种生物学功能之间关系的深入了解。互惠杂交实验表明,galt2 galt3 galt4 galt5 gal6 突变体在雌性配子体中存在缺陷,这是导致结实减少的原因。与 T-DNA 突变系的传统遗传杂交相比,我们的 CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑/多路复用方法提供了一种更简单、更快的方法来生成用于功能表征的高阶突变体。本研究中产生和表征的高阶 galt 突变体提供了对糖装饰与归因于植物中 AGP 的各种生物学功能之间关系的深入了解。与传统的 T-DNA 突变系遗传杂交相比,我们的 CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑/多路复用方法提供了一种更简单、更快速的方法来生成用于功能表征的高阶突变体。本研究中产生和表征的高阶 galt 突变体提供了对糖装饰与归因于植物中 AGP 的各种生物学功能之间关系的深入了解。与 T-DNA 突变系的传统遗传杂交相比,我们的 CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑/多路复用方法提供了一种更简单、更快的方法来生成用于功能表征的高阶突变体。本研究中产生和表征的高阶 galt 突变体提供了对糖装饰与归因于植物中 AGP 的各种生物学功能之间关系的深入了解。
更新日期:2021-01-07
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