Synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, have increased faster than other agents of global change have, yet their ecological impacts remain understudied. Additionally, agricultural expansion to address human population growth and food shortages is predicted to increase the use of pesticides, some of which have been linked to increases in infectious diseases of humans, such as schistosomiasis, which infects >250 million people worldwide. Previous work revealed that ecologically relevant concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides are highly toxic to crayfish. Whether these same insecticides are also highly toxic to Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. vollenhovenii prawns, which are closely related to crayfish and are important predators on snails that transmit schistosomiasis in Asia and Africa, respectively, is unknown. We performed laboratory dose-response studies for M. rosenbergii using three pyrethroid (esfenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin, and permethrin) and three organophosphate (chlorpyrifos, malathion, and terbufos) insecticides. Pyrethroid LC50 values were consistently several orders of magnitude lower than for organophosphate insecticides. Pyrethroids also had a greater likelihood of field runoff at levels lethal to prawns. To corroborate these findings in natural settings, we experimentally tracked survival of individually caged M. vollenhovenii at 31 waterways in West Africa that varied widely in their insecticide use. Consistent with laboratory results, pyrethroid insecticide use in these villages was positively associated with Macrobrachium mortality when controlling for village-level and prawn-level attributes, including levels of organophosphate applications. Villages with the most pyrethroid use had lower prawn survival, despite using on average 20% less total insecticides than villages with high prawn survival. Our findings suggest that pyrethroid insecticides widely used in sub-Saharan Africa have strong non-target effects on Macrobrachium spp. prawns, with possible implications for human schistosomiasis. Thus, regulations or incentives to avoid high-risk insecticides, especially near waterways, could have important human health implications in countries undergoing agricultural expansion in schistosomiasis-endemic regions.

中文翻译：

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确定低风险杀虫剂，以解决食品短缺和人类血吸虫病的生物防治

农药等合成化学物质的增长速度快于其他全球变化因素，但其生态影响仍未得到充分研究。此外，为应对人口增长和粮食短缺而进行的农业扩张预计将增加农药的使用，其中一些农药与诸如血吸虫病等人类传染病的增加有关，该病在全世界感染了超过2.5亿人。先前的工作表明，与生态相关的有机磷酸酯和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对小龙虾具有剧毒。这些相同的杀虫剂是否对罗氏沼虾和Vollenhovenii虾（与小龙虾密切相关，并且分别是在亚洲和非洲传播血吸虫病的蜗牛的重要捕食者）是否也具有高毒性。我们使用三种拟除虫菊酯（乙草戊酸酯，λ-氯氟氰菊酯和氯菊酯）和三种有机磷酸盐（毒死rif，马拉硫磷和terbufos）杀虫剂对罗氏沼虾进行了实验室剂量反应研究。拟除虫菊酯的LC50值始终比有机磷杀虫剂低几个数量级。拟除虫菊酯在对虾致死的水平上更有可能产生径流。为了证实这些发现是在自然环境中进行的，我们通过实验追踪了单独笼养的Vol.hovenii在西非31条水道中的生存情况，这些水道在杀虫剂的使用方面差异很大。与实验室结果一致，在控制村庄级和对虾级属性时，在这些村庄中使用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂与沼虾死亡率呈正相关，包括有机磷的应用水平。尽管拟除虫菊酯使用量最多的村庄比对虾存活率高的村庄平均使用的杀虫剂平均少20％，但对虾存活率却较低。我们的发现表明，在撒哈拉以南非洲广泛使用的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对沼虾属物种具有很强的非目标作用。虾，可能对人类血吸虫病有影响。因此，在血吸虫病流行地区进行农业扩张的国家，避免高风险杀虫剂（尤其是在水道附近）的法规或激励措施可能对人类健康产生重要影响。我们的发现表明，在撒哈拉以南非洲广泛使用的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对沼虾属物种具有很强的非目标作用。虾，可能对人类血吸虫病有影响。因此，在血吸虫病流行地区进行农业扩张的国家，避免高风险杀虫剂（尤其是在水道附近）的法规或激励措施可能对人类健康产生重要影响。我们的发现表明，在撒哈拉以南非洲广泛使用的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对沼虾属物种具有很强的非目标作用。虾，可能对人类血吸虫病有影响。因此，在血吸虫病流行地区进行农业扩张的国家，避免高风险杀虫剂（尤其是在水道附近）的法规或激励措施可能对人类健康产生重要影响。