Acoustic characteristics, lingual and labial articulatory dynamics, and ventilatory behaviors were studied on a beatboxer producing twelve drum sounds belonging to five main categories of his repertoire (kick, snare, hi-hat, rimshot, cymbal). Various types of experimental data were collected synchronously (respiratory inductance plethysmography, electroglottography, electromagnetic articulography, and acoustic recording). Automatic unsupervised classification was successfully applied on acoustic data with t-SNE spectral clustering technique. A cluster purity value of 94% was achieved, showing that each sound has a specific acoustic signature. Acoustical intensity of sounds produced with the humming technique was found to be significantly lower than their non-humming counterparts. For these sounds, a dissociation between articulation and breathing was observed. Overall, a wide range of articulatory gestures was observed, some of which were non-linguistic. The tongue was systematically involved in the articulation of the explored beatboxing sounds, either as the main articulator or as accompanying the lip dynamics. Two pulmonic and three non-pulmonic airstream mechanisms were identified. Ejectives were found in the production of all the sounds with bilabial occlusion or alveolar occlusion with egressive airstream. A phonetic annotation using the IPA alphabet was performed, highlighting the complexity of such sound production and the limits of speech-based annotation.

中文翻译：

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人形拳击中的声鼓声音：使用电磁关节造影的声学和发音探索

在一个节拍器上研究了声学特性，舌和唇的发音动力学以及通气行为，产生了十二种鼓声，这些声响属于他的曲目的五个主要类别（踢，军鼓，踩-、,弹、,）。同步收集各种类型的实验数据（呼吸电感体积描记法，电声描记法，电磁关节描记法和声学记录）。利用t-SNE谱聚类技术，成功地将自动无监督分类应用于声学数据。簇纯度达到94％，表明每种声音都有特定的声学特征。发现用嗡嗡声技术产生的声音的声音强度明显低于非嗡嗡声。对于这些声音，观察到关节与呼吸之间的分离。总体而言，观察到各种各样的发音手势，其中一些是非语言的。舌头系统性地参与了所探索的搏击声的发音，或者作为主要发音器，或者伴随着唇部动力学。确定了两种肺气和三种非肺气流的机制。在产生双唇闭塞或肺泡闭塞伴有流出气流的所有声音的产生中都发现了形容词。使用IPA字母进行了语音注释，突出了这种声音产生的复杂性以及基于语音的注释的局限性。舌头系统性地参与了所探索的搏击声的发音，或者作为主要发音器，或者伴随着嘴唇动力学。确定了两种肺气和三种非肺气流的机制。在产生双唇闭塞或肺泡闭塞伴有流出气流的所有声音的产生中都发现了形容词。使用IPA字母进行了语音注释，突出了这种声音产生的复杂性以及基于语音的注释的局限性。舌头系统性地参与了所探索的搏击声的发音，或者作为主要发音器，或者伴随着唇部动力学。确定了两种肺气和三种非肺气流的机制。在产生双唇闭塞或肺泡闭塞伴有流出气流的所有声音的产生中都发现了形容词。使用IPA字母进行了语音注释，突出了这种声音产生的复杂性以及基于语音的注释的局限性。