The paper presents results from a study examining the relationship between large-scale modes of climate variability with the fluctuations in the yield of barley, durum wheat, olives and sunflower crops in Tuscany, Italy. In particular, the blocking circulation over the growing season, with associated hot and dry conditions, decreased yield for olive crops, barley and durum wheat. The teleconnections analysed in this study are the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO); the West African Monsoon (WAM) and the Intertropical Front (ITF); and although NAO, SNAO, ITF and WAM are not strictly related to each other, the values of these indices are strongly related to the atmospheric circulation regimes and related weather types. Thus, they have an impact on precipitation and temperature patterns in Italy and on yields of important crops in Tuscany. Results show that the large-scale temperate and tropical variability directly influences the crop yield through three main circulation regimes. These patterns illustrate the importance of the large-scale modes, which, together with the associated weather types, have an impact directly on Tuscan crop yields; both barley and olive yields decline significantly when the ITF is further north with warmer and drier conditions in Italy.

中文翻译：

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将意大利托斯卡纳的作物产量与大尺度大气变率、环流机制和天气类型联系起来

本文介绍了一项研究的结果，该研究检查了意大利托斯卡纳的大尺度气候变化模式与大麦、硬粒小麦、橄榄和向日葵作物产量波动之间的关系。特别是生长季节的阻塞循环，以及相关的炎热和干燥条件，降低了橄榄作物、大麦和硬粒小麦的产量。本研究分析的遥相关是冬季北大西洋涛动（NAO）和夏季北大西洋涛动（SNAO）；西非季风（WAM）和热带锋线（ITF）；尽管 NAO、SNA​​O、ITF 和 WAM 之间没有严格的相关性，但这些指数的值与大气环流状况和相关天气类型密切相关。因此，它们对意大利的降水和温度模式以及托斯卡纳重要作物的产量都有影响。结果表明，大范围的温带和热带变率通过三种主要环流方式直接影响作物产量。这些模式说明了大尺度模式的重要性，与相关的天气类型一起，直接影响托斯卡纳的作物产量；当 ITF 进一步向北，意大利气候变暖和干燥时，大麦和橄榄的产量都会显着下降。直接影响托斯卡纳作物产量；当 ITF 进一步向北，意大利气候变暖和干燥时，大麦和橄榄的产量都会显着下降。直接影响托斯卡纳作物产量；当 ITF 进一步向北，意大利气候变暖和干燥时，大麦和橄榄的产量都会显着下降。