This paper provides new estimates of the extent and economic effects of agricultural policies that provide domestic support or import protection to farmers in countries that compete in the global marketplace with unsubsidised farmers. Analyses earlier this century found that import market access barriers accounted for more than 90 per cent of the global welfare cost of all assistance to farmers, with domestic support measures providing as little as 5 per cent. Since then the share contributed by domestic support has grown greatly in some high‐income and emerging economies, thanks to policy re‐instrumentation. Using the latest version of the GTAP model and database of the global economy, this paper estimates the economic effects of direct farmer subsidies, and of the producer subsidy and consumer tax equivalents of farm trade policies, on farmers in three lightly assisting countries. The estimates adjusted for country size suggest the effects on agricultural exports, net farm income and national economic welfare of such policies are far more adverse for Australia, Brazil and especially New Zealand than for the rest of the world, and that domestic supports abroad are much more important contributors to those losses now than they were at the start of this century.

中文翻译：

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国外的补贴和贸易壁垒对澳大利亚和巴西的农业有什么影响？*

本文提供了有关农业政策的范围和经济影响的新估计，这些农业政策为在全球市场上与无补贴农民竞争的国家的农民提供了国内支持或进口保护。本世纪初的分析发现，进口市场准入壁垒占所有对农民援助的全球福利成本的90％以上，而国内支持措施仅占5％。从那以后，由于政策的重新调整，在一些高收入和新兴经济体中，国内支持贡献的份额大大增加了。本文使用GTAP模型的最新版本和全球经济数据库，估算了直接农民补贴以及农产品贸易政策的生产者补贴和消费者税当量的经济影响，在三个援助国家的农民身上。根据国家规模进行的调整后的估计值表明，此类政策对农产品出口，农业净收入和国民经济福利的影响对澳大利亚，巴西尤其是新西兰的不利影响远大于世界其他地区，而且国外的国内支持要大得多。与本世纪初相比，现在造成这些损失的因素更为重要。