Insecticides can exert strong selection on insect pest species, including those that vector diseases, and have led to rapid evolution of resistance. Despite such rapid evolution, relatively little is known about standing genetic variation for resistance in insecticide‐susceptible populations of many species. To help fill this knowledge gap, we generated genotyping‐by‐sequencing data from insecticide‐susceptible Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies that survived or died from a sub‐diagnostic exposure to either permethrin or malathion using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay. Multi‐locus genome‐wide association mapping methods were used to quantify standing genetic variation for insecticide resistance in these populations and to identify specific alleles associated with insecticide survival. For each insecticide treatment, we estimated the proportion of the variation in survival explained by the genetic data (i.e., “chip” heritability) and the number and contribution of individual loci with measurable effects. For all treatments, survival to an insecticide exposure was heritable with a polygenic architecture. Both P. papatasi and L. longipalpis had alleles for survival that resided within many genes throughout their genomes. The implications for resistance conferred by many alleles, as well as inferences made about the utility of laboratory insecticide resistance association studies compared to field observations, are discussed.

中文翻译：

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对杀虫剂敏感的 Phlebotomus papatasi 和 Lutzomyia longipalpis（双翅目：Psychodidae：Phlebotominae）实验室种群中存在的抗药性进化的遗传变异


杀虫剂可以对害虫物种（包括那些传播疾病的害虫物种）施加强烈​​的选择，并导致抗性的快速进化。尽管进化如此迅速，但人们对许多物种的杀虫剂敏感群体的抗性遗传变异知之甚少。为了帮助填补这一知识空白，我们使用疾病中心的修改版本，从对杀虫剂敏感的白蛉和长须白蛉中生成了基因分型数据，这些白蛉因亚诊断暴露于氯菊酯或马拉硫磷而存活或死亡控制和预防瓶生物测定。使用多位点全基因组关联作图方法来量化这些群体中杀虫剂抗性的现有遗传变异，并识别与杀虫剂存活相关的特定等位基因。对于每种杀虫剂处理，我们估计了由遗传数据（即“芯片”遗传力）解释的生存变异的比例以及具有可测量效应的个体基因座的数量和贡献。对于所有治疗，暴露于杀虫剂后的存活率是具有多基因结构的遗传性。两者都P 。帕帕塔西和L. longipalpis的生存等位基因存在于其整个基因组的许多基因中。讨论了许多等位基因赋予抗性的影响，以及实验室杀虫剂抗性关联研究与现场观察相比的效用的推论。