We report the effects of food deprivation on the early development of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru during the first days of development. The point of no return (PNR) was determined using the feeding incidence after a delay in first feeding. The gradual deterioration of the larvae during food deprivation was recorded using morphometric, histological, enzymatic and biochemical analysis. The time to reach the PNR was 120 hours after hatching. Morphologically, the total length, muscle height, head length, tail length and pectoral angle showed the biggest reduction and their growth coefficients changed significantly during food deprivation. Histologically, enterocyte height also was reduced significantly. The protein concentration and activities of the digestive enzymes trypsin, cathepsin-like, and lipase showed a significant decrease; meanwhile, amylase activity remained constant during food deprivation. The concentration of total essential free amino acids (EFAAs) decreased significantly while that of the non-essential free amino acids (NEFAAs) remain stable during food deprivation. The most abundant EFAAs were lysine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine; the most abundant NEFAAs were alanine, glycine, and glutamate, suggesting a more prominent role as energy substrates. At the time of the PNR the concentration of almost all the free amino acids showed a significant decrease. Early food deprivation has a significant impact on the morphology and biochemical characteristics of L. peru. These results suggest that initial feeding of L. peru should begin within three days of yolk sac depletion in order to avoid the PNR. Further studies are necessary to confirm and validate the characters identified in this study as biomarkers of starvation under culture conditions and evaluate their possible utility in ichthyoplankton surveys. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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太平洋红鲷鱼 Lutjanus peru 早期发育期间食物剥夺的形态和生化影响。

我们报告了在发育的最初几天，食物匮乏对太平洋红鲷鱼 Lutjanus peru 早期发育的影响。使用延迟第一次喂食后的喂食发生率确定不返回点 (PNR)。使用形态计量学、组织学、酶学和生化分析记录食物剥夺期间幼虫的逐渐恶化。达到 PNR 的时间是孵化后 120 小时。形态学上，全长、肌肉高度、头长、尾长和胸角的减少幅度最大，并且它们的生长系数在食物剥夺期间发生了显着变化。组织学上，肠上皮细胞高度也显着降低。消化酶胰蛋白酶、类组织蛋白酶和脂肪酶的蛋白质浓度和活性显着降低；同时，在食物匮乏期间，淀粉酶活性保持恒定。总必需游离氨基酸 (EFAAs) 的浓度显着下降，而非必需游离氨基酸 (NEFAAs) 的浓度在食物剥夺期间保持稳定。最丰富的 EFAA 是赖氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸；最丰富的 NEFAA 是丙氨酸、甘氨酸和谷氨酸，表明它们作为能量底物的作用更为突出。在 PNR 时，几乎所有游离氨基酸的浓度都显示出显着降低。早期食物剥夺对 L. peru 的形态和生化特征有显着影响。这些结果表明，为了避免 PNR，应该在卵黄囊耗尽后三天内开始对秘鲁乳杆菌进行初始饲喂。需要进一步的研究来确认和验证本研究中确定的特征作为培养条件下饥饿的生物标志物，并评估它们在浮游鱼类调查中的可能效用。本文受版权保护。版权所有。