Differences in how individuals navigate and interact with physical space have clear implications for when and where they are exposed to environmental characteristics. To address this reality, we propose and test a novel method with a sample of Chicago adolescents that links individual GPS coordinates with locations of environmental characteristics as a strategy to increase precision in the measurement of environmental exposures. We use exposure to violent crime as an example and link the GPS coordinates of 51 youth collected over a one-week period during the summer of 2016 to locations and times of violent crime. We explore different spatial and temporal parameters to determine whether an exposure occurred. Using the 660-foot (201 m), 24-hour operationalization, we found that youth were exposed to a total of 126 violent crimes, with an average of 3.82 (SD = 3.24) per respondent. This was higher than the 12 that were identified when exposure was calculated as the number of violent crimes occurring within 660 feet (201 m) of youths’ residential addresses during the week-long assessment period. Examining correlations between the different exposure variables and measures of youths’ psychological functioning, we found the largest relationships when using the GPS-based indices.

• We present a strategy for measuring exposure to environmental characteristics using GPS data.
• Higher rates of crime exposure are found based on GPS coordinates than with residential address.
• GPS-based exposure measures are related to youths' psychological functioning.

中文翻译：

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重新定义暴露：使用移动技术和地理空间分析探索芝加哥青少年何时何地暴露于社区特征

个人如何导航和与物理空间互动的差异对他们何时何地暴露于环境特征具有明显的影响。为了解决这一现实，我们提出并测试了一种新方法，其中包含芝加哥青少年样本，该方法将个人 GPS 坐标与环境特征的位置联系起来，作为提高环境暴露测量精度的策略。我们以接触暴力犯罪为例，将 2016 年夏季一周内收集的 51 名青年的 GPS 坐标与暴力犯罪的地点和时间联系起来。我们探索不同的空间和时间参数来确定是否发生了暴露。使用 660 英尺 (201 m) 的 24 小时操作，我们发现青少年总共接触了 126 起暴力犯罪，SD  = 3.24) 每个受访者。这高于在为期一周的评估期间，将暴露计算为青少年居住地址 660 英尺 (201 m) 范围内发生的暴力犯罪数量时确定的 12 次。通过检查不同暴露变量与青少年心理功能测量之间的相关性，我们发现使用基于 GPS 的指数时关系最大。

• 我们提出了一种使用 GPS 数据测量环境特征暴露的策略。
• 基于 GPS 坐标的犯罪率高于居住地址。
• 基于 GPS 的暴露测量与青少年的心理功能有关。