Changes in the American religious landscape have affected the professional religious labor force in the United States. These changes may be leading clergy to work for multiple congregations (Robbins and Francis in J Empir Theol 27(2):261–280, 2014), in multiple occupations (Chang, in: Carroll (ed) Pulpit & pew: research on pastoral leadership, Duke Divinity School, Durham, 2004), and/or to seek out clergy work outside of congregations (Chang and Bompadre in J Sci Study Relig 38(3):398–410, 1999). Focusing on the latter, this study addresses the research questions: What are the patterns and demographics of non-congregational clergy and how have these patterns changed over time? Using national-level data, we present the first large-scale mapping of clergy working outside of congregations over the past 42 years. We observe that non-congregational clergy are more likely to be women, live in cities, and have an advanced degree. Moreover, clergy in non-traditional types of family structure are more likely to find clergy work outside of congregations compared to clergy living in a nuclear family. We suggest several factors that might account for these differences.

中文翻译：

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1976-2018 年在会外工作的神职人员

美国宗教格局的变化影响了美国的专业宗教劳动力。这些变化可能导致神职人员为多个会众工作（Robbins 和 Francis in J Empir Theol 27(2):261–280, 2014），从事多种职业（Chang, in: Carroll (ed) Pulpit & pew: research on pastoral领导，杜克神学院，达勒姆，2004 年），和/或在会众之外寻找神职人员工作（Chang 和 Bompadre 在 J Sci Study Relig 38(3):398-410, 1999）。本研究着眼于后者，解决了研究问题：非会众神职人员的模式和人口统计数据是什么，这些模式如何随着时间的推移而发生变化？使用国家级数据，我们首次绘制了过去 42 年来在教会以外工作的神职人员的大规模地图。我们观察到，非公理会神职人员更有可能是女性，居住在城市，并且拥有高级学位。此外，与生活在核心家庭中的神职人员相比，非传统类型的家庭结构中的神职人员更有可能在教会之外找到神职人员工作。我们提出了几个可能解释这些差异的因素。