Female educational attainment has progressively caught up with male educational attainment in many OECD countries. Expectations of university graduation have correspondingly been found higher among female adolescents than among male ones. Resorting to individual-level data drawn from PISA 2003, we study the extent to which female advantage diverges across levels of parental education. We find evidence that female advantage in terms of expectations of university graduation is higher for children of lower social origin. Merging individual-level data (PISA 2003) with data on systems of education, gender egalitarianism and gender labour-market equality drawn from different sources, and applying both a two-step approach and three-level random intercept multilevel modelling to the resulting dataset, we then explore if these country-level factors explain the positive effect of gender at lower levels of parental education. We do not find that the system of education plays any role in this respect, but there is some evidence that gender labour-market inequality stimulates higher educational expectations among daughters of lowly educated fathers (compensatory effect).

在许多经合组织国家中，女性的教育水平已逐步追上男性的教育水平。相应地，女性青少年对大学毕业的期望高于男性。依靠从PISA 2003得出的个人水平数据，我们研究了女性优势在父母教育水平上的差异程度。我们发现有证据表明，社会地位较低的孩子在大学毕业期望方面的女性优势更高。将个人级别的数据（PISA 2003）与来自不同来源的教育，性别平等和性别劳动力市场平等系统的数据进行合并，并对所得数据集应用两步法和三级随机拦截多级建模，然后，我们探讨了这些国家/地区因素是否可以解释性别在较低的父母教育水平方面的积极作用。我们没有发现教育制度在这方面发挥任何作用，但是有证据表明，性别劳动力市场不平等会刺激低学历父亲女儿的更高的教育期望（补偿效应）。