We examine trends in racial and ethnic discrimination in U.S. housing and mortgage lending markets through a quantitative review of studies. We code and analyze as a time series results from 16 field experiments of housing discrimination and 19 observational studies of mortgage lending discrimination. Consistent with prior research, we find evidence of a decline in housing discrimination from the late 1970s to the present. Our results show that this trend holds in both the national audits sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and in non-HUD studies. The decline in discrimination is strongest for discrimination that involves direct denial of housing availability, for which discrimination has declined to low levels. The downward trend in discrimination is weaker for measures reflecting the number of units recommended and inspected, and significant discrimination remains for these outcomes. In the mortgage market, we find that racial gaps in loan denial have declined only slightly, and racial gaps in mortgage cost have not declined at all, suggesting persistent racial discrimination. We discuss the implications of these trends for housing inequality, racial segregation, and racial disparities in household wealth.

中文翻译：

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1976-2016年美国住房和抵押贷款市场上的种族歧视：趋势的定量回顾

通过对研究的定量回顾，我们研究了美国住房和抵押贷款市场中种族和族裔歧视的趋势。我们对16个住房歧视现场实验和19个抵押贷款歧视观察研究的时间序列进行编码和分析。与先前的研究一致，我们发现从1970年代末至今的住房歧视下降的证据。我们的结果表明，这种趋势在美国住房和城市发展部（HUD）发起的国家审计和非HUD研究中均成立。对于涉及直接否认住房供应的歧视，歧视的下降最为明显，而这种歧视已降至较低水平。对于反映建议和检查的单位数量的措施，歧视的下降趋势较弱，这些结果仍然存在明显的歧视。在抵押贷款市场中，我们发现拒绝贷款的种族差距仅略有下降，抵押成本的种族差距根本没有下降，这表明种族歧视持续存在。我们讨论了这些趋势对住房不平等，种族隔离和家庭财富中种族差异的影响。