Abstract The paper analyses the plurality of urban informal practices that characterize contemporary Italy in the sphere of housing, focusing on its complex connections with a variety of public institutions (e.g. laws, regulations, policies and practices). The paper discusses five cases of urban informality in Italy: the squatting of public housing in Milan; Roma camps in Rome; the borgate romane (large unauthorised neighbourhoods in the capital, which were built in the 1960s and 1970s and which have subsequently undergone a long and complex process of regularization); unauthorised construction, by the middle class, of second homes in coastal areas of Southern Italy; illegal subdivision of agricultural land as a standard mechanism for urban expansion in Casal di Principe, Naples. From these cases emerges a complex picture of hybrid institutions that shape and govern housing informalities. These hybrid institutions are composed of multifaceted networks of actors, policies, practices and rules that exist in tension with each other and contribute to favouring and shaping the production of informal space in different ways (e.g. through their action, inaction and structural features). Against the backdrop of this varied institutional framework, a selective tolerance driven mainly by politically-mediated interests emerges as the distinctive feature of the public approach to housing informality in Italy. The paper aims to develop an innovative research approach to informal housing in Italy by overcoming traditional boundaries between research ‘objects’ and by looking at political uses and forms of institutionalisation that are deployed across housing informalities. By doing so, it also contributes to the literature which analyses informality through the lenses of state theory. Simultaneously, it represents a call for international research to investigate the similarities in the patterns of housing informality – and their multifaceted politics – in Mediterranean welfare states.

中文翻译：

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非正式空间的生产：意大利公共机构和政治战略之间的住房非正式性的重要图集

摘要 本文分析了当代意大利在住房领域的多元化城市非正式实践，重点关注其与各种公共机构（例如法律、法规、政策和实践）的复杂联系。本文讨论了意大利城市非正式的五个案例：米兰的公共住房被占用；罗马的罗马难民营；Borgate romane（首都未经许可的大型街区，建于 1960 年代和 1970 年代，随后经历了漫长而复杂的正规化过程）；中产阶级未经授权在意大利南部沿海地区建造第二套住房；那不勒斯卡萨尔迪普林西比（Casal di Principe）非法分割农业用地作为城市扩张的标准机制。从这些案例中可以看出塑造和管理住房非正规性的混合机构的复杂图景。这些混合机构由参与者、政策、实践和规则的多方面网络组成，这些网络彼此紧张，并有助于以不同的方式（例如通过他们的行动、不作为和结构特征）促进和塑造非正式空间的生产。在这种多样化的制度框架的背景下，主要由政治中介利益驱动的选择性容忍成为意大利解决住房非正规性的公共方法的显着特征。本文旨在通过克服研究“对象”之间的传统界限，并通过研究在非正规住房中部署的政治用途和制度化形式，开发意大利非正规住房的创新研究方法。通过这样做，它还有助于通过国家理论的视角分析非正式性的文献。同时，它呼吁国际研究调查地中海福利国家住房非正规性模式及其多方面政治的相似性。