Abstract This article addresses the question of how planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the content and goal achievement potential of plans, and discusses how changes in planners’ and researchers’ practices can contribute to improving goal achievement potential. These are questions that have been given surprisingly little attention in planning research. Although interesting discussions have emerged over recent years, few empirical studies have been presented. This article presents theory-based empirical research on these issues based on analyses of strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities where an aim is to limit or reduce traffic volumes and greenhouse gas emissions of transport. This is a highly relevant issue when analysing the effects of planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge. Goal achievement potential refers to whether plans (if implemented) contribute to achieving defined objectives, which in this paper mainly regards curbing or reducing urban traffic volumes. The expert knowledge in question concerns how land-use and transport systems development influence traffic volumes in urban regions. The article concludes that whether planners use the expert knowledge in question or not, and how they use it, do affect the goal achievement potential of the plans they produce. This knowledge is the main basis for many planners’ knowing and acting. Planners use it to understand, explain and argue for how and why coordination is necessary, and for selecting traffic-reducing measures. All examined plans also include strategies and measures that reduce their goal achievement potential, and non-use of the expert knowledge is an important part of the explanation as to how and why this is the case. When competing objectives seem to call for traffic-increasing measures, planners tend not to take account of expert knowledge in explaining that these measures reduce the goal achievement potential of plans, and they do not turn to it for finding innovative ways of solving their planning problems. Instead, they rely on their embedded professional knowledge, which is sometimes outdated or misleading. In other cases, planners disregard the knowledge because it challenges planning agendas or compelling ideas, or they exercise self-censorship when finding that it conflicts with political agendas. Considerable effort is required in ensuring higher goal achievement potential in future plans. Planners need to be more critical of their own tacit knowledge, and turn more actively to research-based knowledge. Researchers need to produce the knowledge planners need in ways that are useful and usable for them.

中文翻译：

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规划者对专家知识的使用和不使用如何影响规划的目标实现潜力：来自三个斯堪的纳维亚城市的战略土地使用和交通规划过程的经验

摘要 本文解决了规划者对专家知识的使用和不使用如何影响计划的内容和目标实现潜力的问题，并讨论了规划者和研究人员实践的变化如何有助于提高目标实现潜力。这些问题在规划研究中很少受到关注。尽管近年来出现了有趣的讨论，但几乎没有提出实证研究。本文基于对斯堪的纳维亚三个城市的战略性土地利用和交通规划过程的分析，对这些问题进行了基于理论的实证研究，目的是限制或减少交通量和交通温室气体排放。在分析规划人员使用和不使用专家知识的影响时，这是一个高度相关的问题。目标实现潜力是指计划（如果实施）是否有助于实现既定目标，在本文中主要涉及遏制或减少城市交通量。所讨论的专业知识涉及土地利用和交通系统发展如何影响城市地区的交通量。文章的结论是，计划者是否使用所讨论的专家知识，以及他们如何使用它，确实会影响他们制定的计划的目标实现潜力。这些知识是许多规划者知行合一的主要依据。规划者使用它来理解、解释和论证协调的方式和原因，以及选择减少交通的措施。所有审查的计划还包括降低其目标实现潜力的战略和措施，不使用专家知识是解释如何以及为什么会出现这种情况的重要部分。当相互竞争的目标似乎要求采取增加交通量的措施时，规划者往往不会考虑专家知识来解释这些措施会降低计划的目标实现潜力，并且他们不会求助于寻找解决规划问题的创新方法. 相反，他们依赖于他们嵌入的专业知识，这些知识有时已经过时或具有误导性。在其他情况下，规划者无视这些知识，因为它挑战了规划议程或令人信服的想法，或者在发现它与政治议程冲突时进行自我审查。需要付出相当大的努力来确保在未来计划中实现更高的目标潜力。规划者需要对自己的隐性知识更加挑剔，并更积极地转向基于研究的知识。研究人员需要以对他们有用和可用的方式产生知识规划者所需的知识。