Objectives

We examined the effects of victimization on several aspects of well-being in a longitudinal study of a general population sample. Previous research has often been inconclusive, as it was largely based on cross-sectional data and prone to problems of unobserved heterogeneity and selection bias. We examined both between-person differences and within-person changes in well-being in relation to property and violent victimization. We investigated psychological and behavioral dimensions of well-being, controlling for and comparing with the effects of other negative life events.

Methods

We used data from a two-wave panel survey of 2928 respondents aged 25–89 nested in 140 neighborhoods in two large German cities. We applied random-effects modeling to separate between-person from within-person effects.

Results

The within-person detrimental effects of victimization were considerably smaller than between-person effects, which reflected preexisting, time-stable factors that distinguish individuals who have experienced victimization from individuals who have not. Detrimental effects concerned fear of crime, generalized trust, and neighborhood satisfaction, but did not extend to emotional well-being or life satisfaction, in contrast to other negative life events. We found empirical support both for adaptation (‘recovery’) effects as well as for anticipation effects. Violent victimization had stronger effects than property victimization, and victimization near the home had stronger effects than victimization elsewhere.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that violent victimization has palpable detrimental effects on security perceptions, trust and neighborhood satisfaction—but not on emotional well-being and life satisfaction—and that individuals largely recover from the victimization within 18 months.

中文翻译：

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受害及其对幸福的影响：人际和人际分析

目标

我们在对一般人群样本的纵向研究中考察了受害对幸福感几个方面的影响。以前的研究通常是不确定的，因为它主要是基于横截面数据，并且容易出现未观察到的异质性和选择偏差的问题。我们研究了人与人之间的差异以及人与人之间在财产和暴力受害方面的福祉变化。我们调查了幸福感的心理和行为维度，控制并比较了其他负面生活事件的影响。

方法

我们使用了两波小组调查的数据，该调查对2928名年龄在25-89岁的受访者进行了调查，这些受访者位于德国两个大城市的140个社区中。我们应用随机效应模型将人际效应与人际效应分开。

结果

受害人对人的有害影响要比人际影响要小得多，这反映了先前存在的，时间稳定的因素，将经历受害的人与没有受害的人区分开。有害影响涉及对犯罪的恐惧，普遍信任和邻里满意度，但与其他负面生活事件相比，并没有扩展到情感幸福或生活满意度。我们发现对适应（“恢复”）效应和预期效应均提供了经验支持。暴力受害比财产受害具有更强的影响，家附近的受害比其他地方受害具有更强的影响。

结论

研究结果表明，暴力受害者对安全感，信任和邻里满意度具有明显的不利影响，但对情绪幸福感和生活满意度没有明显影响，而且个人在18个月内可以从受害者中大致康复。