Does nationalism produce resistance to foreign military occupation? The existing literature suggests that it does. Nationalism, however, also can lead to acquiescence and even to active collaboration with foreign conquerors. Nationalism can produce a variety of responses to occupation because political leaders connect nationalist motivations to other political goals. A detailed case study of the German occupation of France during World War II demonstrates these claims. In this highly nationalistic setting, Vichy France entered into collaboration with Germany despite opportunities to continue fighting in 1940 or defect from the German orbit later. Collaboration with Germany was widely supported by French elites and passively accommodated by the mass of nationalistic French citizens. Because both resisters and collaborators were French nationalists, nationalism cannot explain why collaboration was the dominant French response or why a relatively small number of French citizens resisted. Variation in who resisted and when resistance occurred can be explained by the international context and domestic political competition. Expecting a German victory in the war, French right-wing nationalists chose collaboration with the Nazis as a means to suppress and persecute their political opponents, the French Left. In doing so, they fostered resistance. This case suggests the need for a broader reexamination of the role of nationalism in explaining reactions to foreign intervention.

中文翻译：

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民族主义、合作和抵抗：纳粹占领下的法国

民族主义会产生对外国军事占领的抵抗吗？现有文献表明确实如此。然而，民族主义也可能导致默许，甚至导致与外国征服者的积极合作。民族主义可以对占领产生多种反应，因为政治领导人将民族主义动机与其他政治目标联系起来。对二战期间德国占领法国的详细案例研究证明了这些说法。在这种高度民族主义的环境中，尽管有机会在 1940 年继续战斗或在后来脱离德国轨道，维希法国还是与德国合作。与德国的合作得到了法国精英的广泛支持，也得到了广大民族主义法国公民的被动接纳。因为抵抗者和合作者都是法国民族主义者，民族主义无法解释为什么合作是法国的主要反应，或者为什么相对较少的法国公民抵制。抵抗者和抵抗发生时间的差异可以用国际背景和国内政治竞争来解释。期待德国在战争中获胜的法国右翼民族主义者选择与纳粹合作作为镇压和迫害他们的政治对手法国左翼的手段。在这样做的过程中，他们培养了抵抗力。这个案例表明需要更广泛地重新审视民族主义在解释对外国干预的反应方面的作用。抵抗者和抵抗发生时间的差异可以用国际背景和国内政治竞争来解释。期待德国在战争中获胜的法国右翼民族主义者选择与纳粹合作作为镇压和迫害他们的政治对手法国左翼的手段。在这样做的过程中，他们培养了抵抗力。这个案例表明需要更广泛地重新审视民族主义在解释对外国干预的反应方面的作用。抵抗者和抵抗发生时间的差异可以用国际背景和国内政治竞争来解释。期待德国在战争中获胜的法国右翼民族主义者选择与纳粹合作作为镇压和迫害他们的政治对手法国左翼的手段。在这样做的过程中，他们助长了抵抗。这个案例表明需要更广泛地重新审视民族主义在解释对外国干预的反应方面的作用。