The recent system of fruit breeding and fruit cultivation faces a range of sustainability challenges, specifically an intense usage of plant protection measures, an increased privatization of former common goods, and an overall loss of resilience in the face of environmental change. We argue that a commons-based organization of fruit breeding could potentially meet these challenges. By (1) drawing on theoretical conceptions of Traditional Commons, Knowledge Commons and Global Commons, and (2) conducting an in-depth case study of a commons-based organic fruit breeding project in Germany, we develop a comprehensive picture of commons-based fruit breeding. Our analysis shows that ‘fruit breeding commons’ are a form of ‘hybrid commons’ and involve two interacting layers of commons organization: The inner layer encompasses the norms, rules and institutions governing the variety breeding process itself within a clearly defined decentralized breeding community. The outer layer encompasses the usage and protection rules regarding the resulting fruit varieties and knowledge about its characteristics referring to a more open community.

中文翻译：

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桥接传统和新的共同点：水果育种的案例

最近的水果育种和水果种植系统面临一系列可持续性挑战，特别是大量使用植物保护措施，增加了对以前的普通商品的私有化以及面对环境变化而全面丧失了适应力。我们认为，一个以公地为基础的水果育种组织有可能应对这些挑战。通过（1）借鉴传统公地，知识公地和全球公地的理论构想，以及（2）对德国以公地为基础的有机水果育种项目进行深入的案例研究，我们得出了基于公地的综合图景水果育种。我们的分析表明，“水果育种共同体”是“混合共同体”的一种形式，涉及共同体组织的两个相互影响的层：内层包含规范，在明确定义的分散式育种社区中管理品种育种过程的规则和机构。外层包含有关所产生的水果品种的使用和保护规则，以及关于水果的特性的知识（涉及更开放的社区）。