Confronted with advancing resource frontiers, local communities increasingly rely on conflict to re-establish order in the face of problematic interdependences brought about by mining transactions. This article captures the interactions at national level that engender these interdependences in the first place. We explore how national actor groups influence emerging regularities of behaviour in mining through the example of gold mining in Kyrgyzstan – a fragile resource-dependent country divided by mining conflicts. For the analysis of these emerging patterns of behaviour, we focus on shared beliefs and norms that in interaction with perceived dimensions of transactions provide motivation to act. The identified regularities of behaviour help differentiate the otherwise crude dichotomy of conflict and cooperation, pointing to shades of conflicts. Mining conflicts in Kyrgyzstan are driven by profound structural factors that are rooted in weak governance, lack of institutional trust and limited cooperation across national actor groups. Risks and costs are distributed to outgroups, threatening the local social-ecological systems and further fragmenting Kyrgyz society. If extraction continues in the current mode of governance, resource-based grievances are likely to persist in Kyrgyzstan, as mining will increasingly encroach on local ecosystems, livelihoods and cultural commons – unless the national perceptions and shared beliefs change.

中文翻译：

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吉尔吉斯斯坦的冲突阴影：国家演员对采矿的看法和行为

面对不断发展的资源前沿，面对采矿交易带来的相互依存的问题，当地社区越来越依赖冲突来重建秩序。本文首先介绍了在国家层面上导致这些相互依存的互动。我们通过吉尔吉斯斯坦（一个脆弱的资源依赖型国家，因采矿冲突而分裂）的金矿开采示例，探讨了国家行为者团体如何影响采矿行为的新兴规律。为了分析这些新兴的行为模式，我们重点关注共同的信念和规范，这些信念和规范与交易的感知维度互动提供了行动的动力。所确定的行为规律有助于区分原本粗暴的冲突与合作二分法，指出冲突的阴影。吉尔吉斯斯坦的采矿冲突是由深刻的结构性因素驱动的，这些因素源于治理薄弱，缺乏机构信任以及国家行为者团体之间的合作有限。风险和成本被分摊到各个群体，威胁到当地的社会生态系统，并使吉尔吉斯斯坦社会进一步分裂。如果在当前的治理模式下继续进行开采，吉尔吉斯斯坦可能会继续存在基于资源的不满，因为采矿业将越来越多地侵占当地的生态系统，生计和文化共同体-除非国家观念和共同信念发生变化。威胁到当地的社会生态系统，进一步分裂了吉尔吉斯斯坦社会。如果在当前的治理模式下继续进行开采，吉尔吉斯斯坦可能会继续存在基于资源的不满，因为采矿业将越来越多地侵占当地的生态系统，生计和文化共同体-除非国家观念和共同信念发生变化。威胁到当地的社会生态系统，进一步分裂了吉尔吉斯斯坦社会。如果在当前的治理模式下继续进行开采，吉尔吉斯斯坦可能会继续存在基于资源的不满，因为采矿业将越来越多地侵占当地的生态系统，生计和文化共同体-除非国家的观念和共同信念发生变化。