Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus ( ∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions to Lapland and the Viceroyalty of Peru to determine the different curvatures of the Earth at the pole and the Equator. The Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) initiated the international arc measurement to observe the irregular figure of the Earth given by an equipotential surface of the gravity field. This led to the foundation of the International Geodetic Association, which was transferred in 1919 to the Section of Geodesy of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. This paper presents the activities from 1919 to 2019, characterized by a continuous broadening from geometric to gravimetric observations, from exclusive solid Earth parameters to atmospheric and hydrospheric effects, and from static to dynamic models. At present, we identify geodesy as the discipline of quantifying global change by geodetic measurements.

中文翻译：

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国际大地测量学协会：从理想球体到经受全球变化的不规则物体

摘要。大地测量的历史可以追溯到米勒图斯（Thales of Miletus）（约600 BC），他提出了几何学的概念，即地球的测量。Eratosthenes（276-195 BC）认识到地球是一个球体，并确定了它的半径。在18世纪，艾萨克·牛顿（Isaac Newton）由于地球自转假定了一个椭球体，法国科学院组织了两次对拉普兰和秘鲁总督的考察，以确定地球在极点和赤道的不同曲率。普鲁士将军约翰·雅各布·拜尔（Johann Jacob Baeyer，1794-1885年）发起了国际电弧测量，目的是观察由重力场的等势面给出的地球不规则图形。这导致了国际大地测量协会的成立，它于1919年移交给国际大地测量与地球物理学联合会大地测量科。本文介绍了1919年至2019年的活动，其特征是从几何观测到重力观测，从独家固体地球参数到大气和水圈效应，从静态模型到动态模型的持续扩展。目前，我们将大地测量学确定为通过大地测量来量化全球变化的学科。