The winter of 2013-14 brought extreme storminess to the UK. Monthly rainfall was over 200% of the 1981-2010 average. The damage was considerable, affecting landforms, habitats, societies and infrastructure. Over that winter there were several high-magnitude storms, occurring at very closely spaced time intervals, which were particularly devastating in the west and south-west of the UK. Conversely, in the east a single extreme storm, which occurred on 5 December 2013, did most of the damage. This article highlights how new technologies are being used to quantify some of the key coastal impacts of such events. The data collected support the unevenness of the impact of the storms on the shorelines at different locations around the UK. Storms had a far-reaching and devastating impact along south-west coastlines because these coasts are wave-dominated and every storm included high magnitude waves. However, the east coast shorelines, in particular in East Anglia, are tide-dominated and take a special combination of circumstances to generate the largest impacts. The storm on 5 December 2013 generated elevated water levels in the sea, reaching even greater elevations than the notorious storm of 31 January 1953, where lives were lost. With large waves adding to the impact of high water levels, effects were felt around the whole of the coast of East Anglia. Enhanced forecasting capability and strengthened coastal defences meant that no lives were lost. However, future sea level rise and changing coastal storm tracks may bring even greater coastal devastation; therefore, we need to be prepared to develop new strategies for forecasting, early warning and evacuation planning.

中文翻译：

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沿海恢复力和脆弱性：英国的风暴影响、极端天气和区域变化，2013-14 年冬季

2013-14 年的冬天给英国带来了极端风暴。月降雨量超过 1981-2010 年平均值的 200%。破坏是相当大的，影响了地貌、栖息地、社会和基础设施。在那个冬天，发生了几次间隔非常近的高强度风暴，这些风暴在英国西部和西南部尤其具有破坏性。相反，在东部，2013 年 12 月 5 日发生的一场极端风暴造成了大部分破坏。本文重点介绍了如何使用新技术来量化此类事件的一些关键沿海影响。收集到的数据支持了风暴对英国不同地点海岸线影响的不均匀性。风暴对西南海岸线产生了深远的破坏性影响，因为这些海岸以海浪为主，每场风暴都包含高强度海浪。然而，东海岸的海岸线，尤其是东英吉利，以潮汐为主导，并在特殊情况下产生最大的影响。2013 年 12 月 5 日的风暴导致海中水位升高，其海拔甚至比 1953 年 1 月 31 日臭名昭著的风暴还要高，这场风暴造成了生命损失。随着大浪增加了高水位的影响，整个东英吉利海岸都感受到了影响。增强的预报能力和加强的海岸防御意味着没有人员丧生。然而，未来的海平面上升和不断变化的沿海风暴路径可能会带来更大的沿海破坏；所以，