In Brazilian Amazonia over 750,000 km2 of forest has been cut down from 1970s until 2013 (NoGueira et al. 2015). During this period, Amazonian deforestation rates have always increased until 2003/2004 (INPE 2014; Nepstad et al. 2014), and after a considerable deceleration until 2013 (Boucher et al. 2013), the trend has returned to increase (schöNeNBerG et al. 2015). The conversion of rainforest and Cerrado into cattle pastures and agricultural land has various impacts on biodiversity, carbon stocks and carbon emissions, which are currently discussed in science, society and politics in the context of climate change (FearNside 2005; cox et al. 2000; Malhi et al. 2008). The massive land-use change occurring in the Amazon region attracts world-wide attention, as the Brazilian Amazon is of key importance for the (i) global and regional climate system, (ii) the global and regional water cycle, (iii) the planets genetic resources and (iv) the human cultural heritage. On top of this, the Brazilian Amazon is the world’s most prominent biomass carbon (C) pool, with 149 Mg C ha-1 being stored aboveand below-ground according to NoGueira et al. (2015) and the threat of losing all this carbon to the atmosphere is what explains a large part of the attention being currently paid to the fate of the Amazon rainforest. However, soares-Filho et al. (2006) predicted another 2.7 million km2 of deforestation until 2050 under “business-as-usual”-scenarios and another 0.5 million km2 was earlier expected for the Brazilian savannas (resck et al. 2000), which today presents a highly fragmented Cerrado landscape as a result. The Brazilian Government and international organizations have developed action programs with high priority on land use change, nature conservation, climate change mitigation and development of sustainable land management practices (e.g. related to the Kyoto-process, Brazilian ABC-program, National Climate Plan of Brazil, Amazon Fund; FearNside 2005; Nepstad et al. 2014; soares-Filho 2010; assuNcao et al. 2012; strassBurG et al. 2014). Officially, Brazil aims at reducing deforestation by 80 % for the Amazon by 2020 (soares-Filho et al. 2010). Since August 2014, deforestation soars again after clear-cutting of mature forest had declined from 19,500 km2 a–1 to 5,843 km2 in 2013 as a result of public policy and frontier governance (PPCDAm: Plan for the Protection and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon; Soy Moratorium; Cattle Moratorium, Arco Verde+, Critical Counties program, Amazon Region Protected Areas Program; FearNside 2015; Nepstad et al. 2014; tolleFsoN 2015). Up until today, deforestation concentrated in the “arc of deforestation” along the eastern and southern edges of the Amazon (see Fig. 2 in BarNi et al. 2015). Impact of land-use change (LUC) on various separate ecosystem services (ESS), including C sequestration and climate system stability, has been studied and presented in numerous research articles for the Amazon region. However, a more holistic examination which considers multiple ESSs in the context of local drivers and actors has not yet been sufficiently advanced. In fact, for many ESS touched by LUC in the Amazon region (FearNside 2005), contrasting – partly contradictory – patterns and processes have been reported (Tab. 1). This underlines the demand for an interdisciplinary, if not transdisciplinary approach to investigate, how the region at the Southern Amazon land-use frontier will develop in future and which consequences will likely arise for the local and global climate, biodiversity and society.

中文翻译：

---

亚马逊南部碳优化土地利用管理的影响——多学科视角：简介

在巴西亚马逊地区，从 1970 年代到 2013 年，超过 750,000 平方公里的森林被砍伐（NoGueira 等人，2015 年）。在此期间，亚马逊地区的森林砍伐率一直上升到 2003/2004 年（INPE 2014；Nepstad 等人，2014 年），在大幅减速后直到 2013 年（Boucher 等人，2013 年），趋势又恢复增加（schöNeNBerG 等人. 2015）。将热带雨林和塞拉多转变为牛牧场和农田对生物多样性、碳储量和碳排放有各种影响，这些影响目前在气候变化背景下在科学、社会和政治领域进行讨论（FearNside 2005；cox 等人 2000； Malhi 等人，2008 年）。亚马逊地区发生的大规模土地利用变化引起了全世界的关注，因为巴西亚马逊地区对 (i) 全球和区域气候系统至关重要，(ii) 全球和区域水循环，(iii) 地球遗传资源和 (iv) 人类文化遗产。最重要的是，巴西亚马逊是世界上最突出的生物质碳 (C) 库，根据 NoGueira 等人的说法，149 Mg C ha-1 储存在地上和地下。（2015）以及将所有这些碳排放到大气中的威胁是目前对亚马逊雨林命运的关注的很大一部分原因。然而，soares-Filho 等人。(2006) 预测，在“一切照旧”的情景下，到 2050 年还会有 270 万平方公里的森林砍伐，此前预计巴西大草原还会有 50 万平方公里的森林砍伐（resck 等人，2000 年），如今这里呈现高度分散的塞拉多景观因此。巴西政府和国际组织制定了行动计划，重点关注土地利用变化、自然保护、气候变化减缓和可持续土地管理实践的发展（例如与京都进程、巴西 ABC 计划、巴西国家气候计划相关） ，亚马逊基金；FearNside 2005；Nepstad 等人 2014；soares-Filho 2010；assuNcao 等人 2012；strassBurG 等人 2014）。巴西的官方目标是到 2020 年将亚马逊地区的森林砍伐减少 80%（soares-Filho 等人，2010 年）。自 2014 年 8 月以来，由于公共政策和边境治理，成熟森林的砍伐从 19,500 平方公里 a-1 下降到 2013 年的 5,843 平方公里后，森林砍伐再次飙升（PPCDAm：亚马逊地区森林砍伐保护和控制计划; 大豆禁令; 牛禁令，Arco Verde+、关键县计划、亚马逊地区保护区计划；FearNside 2015; 内普斯塔德等人。2014; 2015 年收费）。直到今天，森林砍伐主要集中在亚马逊东部和南部边缘的“森林砍伐弧线”（参见 BarNi 等人的图 2，2015 年）。土地利用变化 (LUC) 对各种独立生态系统服务 (ESS) 的影响，包括碳封存和气候系统稳定性，已在亚马逊地区的众多研究文章中进行了研究和介绍。然而，在当地驱动因素和参与者的背景下考虑多个 ESS 的更全面的检查尚未充分推进。事实上，对于亚马逊地区 LUC 触及的许多 ESS（FearNside 2005），已经报告了对比——部分矛盾——模式和过程（表 1）。